The Wild Children

Wild Children In the beginning of the 1920’s, Russia was controlled by a communist era. Everyone struggled to survive in a country they have considered their own. Parents were taken away, children were stolen from homes. Everyone was oppressed from the right to live freely. Felice Holman, author of the book the Wild Children centers her book on how the children of Russia in the 1920’s sought refuge to survive and pushed through the limitation of childhood caused by societal revolution especially in this period where vulnerability for children is very evident.Wild Children talks about Peter and Alex that in the midst of a land deprived from liberty for children, these two characters rose to the precipice of the unknown and risked their own freedom to help and lead the wild children of Russia escape to the land of freedom. Peter is the leader of Jacob the Baker’s band. Who sought refuge and food not only for himself but also for the rest of the wild children whom h e considered his family. His leadership over his band reflects the authority that is shown by a father over his family.An authority of love, concern, and discipline yet with rules and laws to follow in order to maintain equality within. â€Å"Peter’s rules demanded†¦ to perform bodily functions† (Holman46) in order for them to keep peace and camaraderie within. He made sets of laws to divide among the children in order to function and survive as a band, just like a family. Although his character is focused on being a father figure over the band, he does not only show compassion over his band but also towards the other wild children he does not even know.He refused the chance to escape Russia but instead came â€Å"back for the others in the family† (148). Peter came back not because he needed to but rather because he knew what it is like to be left in the midst of a hopeless society. He sought opportunity to serve other children like him and because he also felt the band the wild children all shared together- a bond that is almost like a family. The other character that made an impact to help the wild children escape is Alex. He risked his freedom when he led the band to Basil, a man who planned and helped for their escape.Although Alex knew that â€Å"they would see him as a street waif and thief and throw him down the steps head first† (125) nevertheless he still went on. He knew that Basil is the only hope he and his band has and if he doesn’t take and risk the opportunity now, they might not have been able to escape to a land of freedom. Alex made the decision because he knew that deep within these children is the eagerness to push aside anxiety, cold, the pain of separation, loss, and loneliness.He felt that this band became one with him, sharing and surviving together. From all the struggles they all went through together he felt that â€Å"they are†¦friends, and yes†¦family† (130). Deep within, ev eryone in the band connected to each other with their hope that one day life would be all right. Peter and Alex’s experience marked their purpose to serve their fellow wild children. Their purpose in the society united them by heart and the purpose that defined their being. Peter and Alex saw the need and they responded to the need.And that is to make a change in their generation. Russia during the 1920’s may have been a nightmare to a lot of children’s souls during that time. But this era somehow sparked visions and hopeful hearts through the children who never lose heart. This era may have caused children like Peter and Alex to dare to dream for themselves and their generation and be an example of hope for generations to come in Russia. Works Cited Holman, Felice. The Wild Children. New York: Puffin Books, 1983.

Orthopedic Physical Therapy

The history of orthopedic physical therapy originated in Egypt as far back as 2830 B. C. Splints have been found on mummies made from bamboo, reeds, wood and bark, padded with linen (). Orthopedic physical therapy has also been recognized in ancient Greece around 430 and 330 B. C. Hippocrates had developed special splints for fractures and focused on aspects of the knee during this era (). Modern orthopaedics, with particular focus on the year 1741, shows Nicholas Andry as being the father of orthopaedics.Andry coined the word, which derived from the Greek words for â€Å"correct† or â€Å"straight† (orthos) and â€Å"child† (paidion). Orthopedic physical therapy specialized in the US in 1974. The Orthopedic Section of the APTA was formed for physical therapists that specialized in Orthopedics. Orthopedic physical therapy includes treatment of the musculoskeletal system that has been subject to injury or trauma. This includes sprains, strains, post fracture, post -surgery and repetitive injuries (Orthopedic Physical Therapy).Orthopedic physical therapy focuses primarily on treating post-operative joints, acute injuries, arthritis, and amputations. This therapy is essential to reestablish the patient’s strength, activity or motion after injury or surgery. Some approaches to orthopedic therapy are stretching, strength training, cold/hot packs, joint mobilizations, and electrical stimulators. Also used sometimes are ultrasounds when dealing with muscle retraining. Stretching is good if the patient has a stiff joint. It is extremely crucial to perform proper stretching techniques.Strength training exercises can be closed chain workouts or proprioceptive workouts. Closed chain workouts are meant to assist and balance the strength of muscles whereas proprioceptive workouts assist patients who lost the sense of knowing where a body part is in space. The heat and ice therapy contributes to the circulation of blood which decreases swelling. It is also used as a warm up or cool off of the muscles being treated. With the use of sonogram, deep tissues are stimulated and warmed (Physical Therapy).Just like in any physical therapy, it is important to keep the concept of function in mind. If the patient presents complaints in the musculoskeletal system or if any abnormality has been observed, it is important to do a detailed Orthopedic Physical Therapy examination. To perform an orthopedic physical therapy examination of the muscles, bones and joints, start by dividing the musculoskeletal system into functional parts. Use the opposite side for comparisons. Upon examination, one should note areas of enlargement while palpating the joints and surrounding structures.By noting carefully the stability of the enlargement and its boundaries, one can decide whether this is due to bony widening, thickening of the synovial lining of the joint, soft tissue swelling of the structure surrounding the joint, an effusion into the joint capsul e, or nodule formation, which might be located in a tendon sheath, subcutaneous tissue, or other structures about the joint. While palpating the joints, the therapist should note areas of increased warmth (Orthopedic Physical Therapy). There are two types of equipment used in orthopedic therapy.The first are items that are worn and used to support and stabilize weak or traumatized body parts. Back braces; cervical collars; wrist, hand and elbow splints; and knee and ankle braces are a few examples. An injured body part requires stabilization to heal and prevent additional injury. These braces are often made from a mold taken of the affected body part for a perfect fit to insure complete support. The second type of equipment is meant to assist with activities of daily living and enable one to complete difficult tasks.These items are often referred to as durable medical equipment. The most common DME items include canes; crutches; walkers; adaptive strollers; manual and power wheelcha irs. Other forms of DME include specialized spoons, dishes, extended straws, and raised commode seats, mechanical lifts, transfer boards and disks, bolsters, and arm troughs. Even though these items are not worn, one will still need to be measured for walkers, wheelchairs and supportive seating. Many of these items are covered by Medicare, Medicaid, and private insurance companies (Munson, 2010).An orthopedic therapist must have in depth knowledge of disorders and injuries of the musculoskeletal system which includes muscles, bones, joints, bursa, ligaments and tendons. The orthopedic therapist must also be trained in the treatment of post-operative joints; sports injuries, such as sprains, fractures, and tears; arthritis, and amputations. One must also be proficient in the use of hot packs, cold packs, and the use of electrical stimulation that is often used to speed recovery. (Inverarity, Laura D. O. , 2010). Physical therapy assistants held about 63,800 jobs in 2008.Employment op portunities are expected to rise due to the increasing demand for physical therapy services. Employment is expected to rise 35% through 2018, which is much faster than most occupations! Baby boomers are entering the elderly stage making the demand for physical therapy services rise. The elderly are more vulnerable to chronic and debilitating conditions that require therapeutic services. Technology developments will also increase the survival rate of trauma victims and babies with birth defects creating another demand for rehab services. Opportunities for physical therapy assistants are expected to be very good.Physical therapists are able to manage a much bigger clientele with the help of the assistant. Job opportunities are to be particularly good in acute hospitals, skilled nursing and orthopedic settings, where the elderly are most often treated. (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2009). The healthcare reform has been a big factor in patients receiving care from a physical therapist. T he American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) strongly supports efforts to reform the United States health care delivery system to improve coverage, access, and quality of care and reduce unnecessary costs. APTA stands ready to work with the U.S. Congress and President Obama’s administration to meet this policy challenge in 2009. APTA supports the following policy principles for health care reform: †¢ Enact systematic health care reform that provides patient guarantee issue, renewal, and choice and access to affordable health care for all individuals from the health care provider of their choice. – Guarantee issue ensures that patients would not be denied meaningful coverage due to pre-existing conditions. – Guarantee renewal would ensure patients would not have their coverage terminated due to a change in health status. Guarantee choice would ensure that patients have a choice in their health care insurance.†¢ Reduce health care disparities across r ace, gender, geographic area, setting, and health status. †¢ Ensure that rehabilitation services, provided by licensed health care professionals, are an essential element of a standard benefits package in any proposal to reform the insurance delivery system. Rehabilitation is a critical part of the health care continuum and ensures that individuals can return to the highest function possible in their homes and communities. †¢ Enact insurance reforms that: eliminate arbitrary limits on annual or lifetime benefits; -prohibit cost shifting by increased co-payments, deductibles, and/or premiums; and – ensure non-discrimination on benefits or providers. †¢ Eliminate existing Medicare payment policies that impede patient access to cost-effective outpatient rehabilitation services provided by physical therapists including: – permanently repeal the Sustainable Growth Rate (SGR) formula in the Medicare physician fee schedule and replace it with inflationary indic es to accurately reflect costs in delivering health care services; permanently repeal arbitrary outpatient therapy caps on services; and – eliminate the unnecessary referral requirement or certification of the plan of care for patients to access outpatient physical therapy services.This barrier to patient access delays care and adds additional costs for patients and the health care system. †¢ Ensure that all models of care delivery, such as medical homes and accountable care organizations, enhance patient access to rehabilitation services. Ensure that any policy set forth regarding bundling payments for post-acute care services meet the following criteria: – Bundled payments should not be implemented into law or regulation without full evaluation of its feasibility and advisability as a payment model for post-acute care services. APTA recommends demonstration projects to further evaluate this payment methodology and for the gradual phase in of policies that change the payment system from post-acute care. Patient safeguards should be established to ensure patient choice and access to the full range and continuum of post-acute and outpatient care. -Post-acute care should be defined as Part A services within the first 30 days post discharge from an acute care hospital stay delivered by inpatient rehabilitation facilities, skilled nursing facilities, home health agencies, and/or long-term acute care hospitals. †¢ Enhance initiatives to develop a national strategy that will ensure that an adequate health care workforce exists to meet the needs of patients. Enable physical therapists to fully participate in current initiatives, such as the National Health Services Corp, as well as any new programs established to provide workforce incentives to recruit and retain qualified health care professionals in underserved areas. – Expand federal funding for clinical education, fellowships, and faculty development in physical therapy. †¢ Red uce unnecessary regulatory burdens on physical therapists to enhance efficiency and effectiveness in delivering health care to their patients at the right time and place.†¢ Eliminate referral for profit arrangements in health care. Include prevention and chronic care management programs and services to reduce health care costs or to manage those costs in an efficient and effective fashion. †¢ Expand health information technology incentives to all health care professionals to ensure greater efficiency, improve patient care, facilitate outcomes measurement, and enhance collaboration and integration between all members of the health care team across patient settings Payment incentives, training and education should be phased in over a period of time to enhance compliance and effectiveness. (APTA 2009)The anatomical structures involved in an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear are the three different bands that make up the anterior cruciate ligament. These are; the anteromed ial, intermediate and posterolateral bands. Along with the thigh muscles the ACL works to stabilize the knee joint, it prevents the femur from moving posteriorly while bearing weight and stabilizes the tibia from excessive internal rotation. Other structures that may be involved in an ACL injury are other supporting structures such as the anterolateral or anteromedial joint capsules, the LCL and MCL and the PCL (Arnheim-Prentice-Ch19, 1997).There are three bones that meet to form your knee joint: your thighbone (femur), shinbone (tibia), and kneecap (patella). Your kneecap sits in front of the joint to provide protection. The meniscus is on either side of the joint and offers a layer of articular surface for weight bearing and shock absorption purposes. The bones are connected by ligaments to provide stability to the joint. The anterior cruciate ligament runs diagonally in the middle of the knee to prevent the tibia from sliding out in front of the femur, as well as providing rotati onal stability to the knee (American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 2009).The ligament most vulnerable to injury is the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The major mechanism involved in an ACL tear occurs when a running athlete suddenly decelerates and makes a sharp â€Å"cutting motion†. This is called a single plane injury and occurs when the lower leg is rotated while the foot is in a fixed position. A direct blow to the knee can cause hyperextension and also cause an ACL tear. An athlete that experiences a tear feels or hears a ‘pop’ with immediate instability, pain and swelling and may complain that it feels as if the knee is coming apart (Arnheim-Prentice-Ch19, 1997).Other symptoms associated with ACL tears include joint swelling or stiffness, knee instability (or â€Å"giving away† symptom), loss of full range of motion, discomfort with walking, or tenderness along the joint line (Journal of Neurophysiology, 2006; American Academy of Orthopaedic S urgeons, 2009). The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the most commonly injured ligament generally among persons who participate in high risk sports. Actions such as pivoting, sidestepping maneuvers, direct contact, slowing down by running or awkward landings have caused this type of injury.Females have a higher risk of ACL injury than males in certain sports due to differences in conditioning of the body, muscular strength, and neuromuscular control (American Orthopeadic Surgeons, 2009). Treatment for a partially torn ACL is far more favorable than a complete ACL rupture. Partial ACL tears typically have a recovery and rehabilitation period of three months; however, if a patient continues to have instability symptoms, patients are advised to participate in a complete course of physical therapy with clinical follow-ups.Complete ACL ruptures leave a patient unable to participate in pivoting type sports or other various activities, such as walking. Patient treatment also varies on t hat person’s individual needs, which allows the patient to choose between non-surgical or surgical treatment options. ACL tears typically do not heal without surgery; therefore this option is best for those persons with a low activity level or quiet lifestyle. Patients may recommend bracing and/or physical therapy.If a patient would prefer to return to their high activity lifestyle, then the surgery treatment option would be recommended. Opting for surgery would require the doctor to rebuild the torn ligament by replacing the ligament with a tissue graft. The healing process could take up to 6 months or more (American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 2009). Physical therapy plays an important role in rehabilitation whether there is surgery or not. It helps reduce swelling, increase mobility and build strength and stability by using various methods.A physical therapy program should focus on returning motion to the joint and surrounding muscles. Followed by strengthening the su rrounding muscles to protect the new ligament and give it stability. After the athlete is able to get back to normal activities then the program should focus on gaining strength that will pertain to the athlete’s sport.Works Cited â€Å"ACL Injury: Does It Require Surgery?. † 30 Nov. 2010. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. March 2009 . â€Å"A List of Durable Medical Equipment Needed for Orthopedics. † livestrong. com. 20 Nov. 010. . â€Å"Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries. † 30 Nov. 2010. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. March 2009 . APTA. 1 Dec. 2010. . Arnheim, Daniel, and William Prentice. Principles of Athletic Training, Ninth Edition. New York City: WCB McGraw-Hill/Mosby, 1997. Claes, L. , Faist, M. , Friemert, B. , Gothner, M. , & Melnyk, M. â€Å"Changes in Stretch Reflex Excitability Are Related to â€Å"Giving Way† Symptoms in Patients With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture. † Journal of Neurophysiology. 28 Nov. 2010. . â€Å"Frequently Asked Questions About Physical Therapy. Orthopedic Physical Therapy. 30 Nov. 2010. . Lippert, Lynn S. Clinical Kinesiology and Anatomy. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company, 1994. Lunsford, Denise. PT. Personal interview. 1 Dec. 2010 Orthopedic Physical Therapy. n. d. 23 November 2010 . Physical Therapy. 8 September 2010. 23 November 2010 . â€Å"Physical Therapist Assistants and Aides. † Bureau of Labor Statistics. 20 Nov. 2010. . â€Å"Types of Physical Therapy. † about. com. 20 Nov. 2010. http://physicaltherapy. about. com/od/typesofphysicaltherapy/a/typesofpt. htm? p=1 World Ortho. 2 Dec. 2010. .

Business communication Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business communication - Assignment Example A low value signifies that the less members of the society ‘accept’ that there will always be inequality and a high value show that there is resistance to inequality. This dimension measures the value that a society places on group achievement against individual achievement. A low value in the index signifies that the society places more value on collective achievement, and is thus more independent, while a high value shows that the society places more value in individual achievement. The uncertainty avoidance index, shows how the society’s attitude towards defining social structures. A high value in the index signifies that a society is uncomfortable operating in undefined social and political structures; it also signifies high levels of emotion (Schwartz, 1999) and the members prefer having a strong legal and regulatory governing framework. A low score signifies that the society does not require strong structures from which to operate within, they are not afraid of certainty and are more pragmatic in their approach, not emotional. This is a more straightforward dimension; it covers a society’s adherence to the hegemonic masculine social concept. A high value in the index signifies a society places high value on the more masculine attributes of competitiveness, power and ambition while a low value shows a society’s values are more feminine, with more value placed in the overall quality of life and strong relationships. The long-term orientation index shows whether a society places more value on short term or long-term gratification. Psychologically, it can also be seen as a measurement of pragmatism. Long term oriented societies are more pragmatic, with emphasis placed on the ‘bigger picture’ while short term oriented societies are less pragmatic in their approach (Appadurai, 1996), adhering to their traditions

Empowerment in health Promotion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Empowerment in health Promotion - Essay Example In most cases, empowerment is usually associated with feminism. These affected persons may be empowered on individual or community levels (Lee 22). Therefore, the person intending to empower either individual or the community must initiate the process by identifying the groups affected and then evaluating the nature of the discrimination involved. Individual empowerment is equally empowering a community since the empowered individual will reflect the same change initiated in the same community thereby affecting the entire community, group, or society. Empowerment often aims at enhancing an individual’s capacity to transform and make an informed choice on the already available choices towards a desired action to effect an appropriate outcome (Linhorst 51). The universal aim of individual empowerment is to initiate an action or process that builds an individual and his collective assets towards improving fairness and efficiency of institutional and organizational contexts that govern the use of the targeted assets (Minkler 59). In healthcare institutions, integrative medicine practitioners often empower individuals to take actives roles towards their own their health care as well as the ultimate decision makers. Moreover, they also encourage their patients to be responsible towards maintaining their individual health. Numerous health care agencies advocate for patient centered health care provision. For instance, according to the National Academy of Science, patients should be given adequate and necessary information as an opportunity for them to exercise a degree of control on their health care decisions. It further argues that health care systems should readily accommodate the differences in the patients’ preferences and encouraging shared decision making among the patients (Linhorst 72). Additionally, patients should be allowed access to their unfettered medical information and clinical knowledge.

Management decisions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Management decisions - Essay Example First and fore most, visual interface for decision flow creation should be evident within the management system. This however, means that each techie in the line of engineering field should learn new tools and techniques each week or even months. I must however, ensure that flexible management of multiple decision flows are met since the technological environment do changes faster with time. Ability to use data from external data sources as well as other systems is an aspect that I should put in mind and manipulate. In addition, building scorecards and models within the employees is an aspect that I should consider since they trigger the evolution of new technologies and bring about management solution. Other solution to the prevailing management issue like defining flexibility between different participants and their decision making process should be given a forefront action to avail effectiveness in the management decisions which incur positive result in management mechanism. Summarily, it is therefore important while am making decision in my company to make sure that both portfolio and the projects within the company components are

My life five years ago Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My life five years ago - Essay Example The aspects that have changed in me include my maturity levels exceeding my thought boundaries. I never thought in my early teenage years that I would get matured this quickly. In just 5 years time I look like a young adult. I can sense things around me in a better manner than I was able to when I was just a kid. My personality has molded in such a manner that I have started to like it more and more. I have appreciated the difficulties of life now with my chin up and I seldom cry in the face of adversity. I can stand up and be counted – which was not the case some 5 years down the road. I have traveled far and wide with my parents. Europe is a continent that I have explored with my loved ones in my early teenage years. I remember each and every moment of my visits with my parents and I cherish everything about those journeys that we had. I can still remember the talks and conversations we had in those times with my parents and how we ended up laughing at the end of each debate and friendly mocking. We enjoyed different sceneries together and looked to find out about nature more and more. I remember my parents guiding me through thick and thin in those formative years of a kid’s life and I believe I am pretty lucky to be blessed with such loving parents. A lot in me has changed all this while. Though I lived in Egypt for the better part of my life, I feel that my upbringing has been affected in a positive fashion after I went to United States. I explored a new world and thus tried to comprehend things in a wholly new way. I aim to become a successful businessman just like my father who I believe is my living inspiration. I draw my encouragement and inner motivation from him and thus I believe I am what I am because of my father. I would do anything to go back in those times – 5 years back to be precise. I absolutely adore each and every second of that life which I had. Now life has become more sober and demanding. Earlier it used to be all fun and play.

Samsung Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Samsung - Essay Example It has been analyzed that the company has a high driving force to expand its business in the future. Thus, the researcher has decided to formulate a research proposal revolving around the scope of business expansion for Samsung through its Smart Phone Products in the global market (Dibb 166). Rational of the Research The states of business affairs for the modern multinational corporations have become highly complex after globalization of the world economy. In this epoch, the corporate firms must try to incorporate modern strategies in their business to effectively exploit the growing market demand for luxuries and comforts. This would help the firms to widen their economic surplus. With the rise in the living standard of the individuals in the global economy and a significant increase in the usage of internet media, the demand for smartphones in the contemporary business world has significantly increased. It is highly rational on behalf of the researcher to choose this situation as t he primary issue of the research proposal (Snowdon and Vane 155). This is because when the demand for smartphones in the global market is significantly increasing and therefore, a growth oriented company like, Samsung, should frame efficient business strategies to increase its smartphones sales in the market (Abideen and Saleem 60). Figure 1: Rise in the demand for Smartphones in the global Market (Source: â€Å"AFP†) The above graph shows that in the world market, the demand for smartphones have increased. Considering the smartphone products of Samsung, the essay will focus on the secondary research method to analyze the precise nature of Samsung smartphones in the industry. For conducting this analysis, the researcher would elaborate on the SWOT and Boston Consulting Group (BCG) analysis of the company, in view of the concerned product lines. SWOT Strengths The smartphones produced by Samsung are highly innovative in terms of design and technology. This is a unique strength of the company and helps the organization to maintain its high brand value in the market. With its quality products and good services, as recorded in 2012, the company has managed to generate a profit of 23.845 billion in the global market. The company enjoys a large share of market demand for its products and thus, has the benefit of economies of scale in production. This has helped the company to manufacture products at low costs. Figure 2: Rising Profit of Samsung (Source: â€Å"About Samsung†) As stated in the above graph, the increasing revenue of the company can be efficiently utilized to explore new business opportunities in future. Weaknesses Samsung does not have its own operating system. So, it needs to acquire an operating system from other companies. This in turn increases its cost of production to some extent. The company tries to increase its revenue by focusing on the improvement of all its products. This is not a strategic business decision. Opportunities The company should capture the growing market demand for smartphones in the emerging economies like, India and China. It will be able to obtain more business patents by making new acquisitions. It should take the advantage of the growing mobile advertising business industry. Threats High competition in the smartphone industry, have saturated the market demand of this

Analyze a news paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analyze a news paper - Essay Example t consider the nature of the audience by asking who the articles are targeted for, what type of information are they offering based on the types of language being used. By examining an issue of a newspaper such as The Chronicle for evidence of the process, the motive and the audience, one can get a better idea of the newspaper’s quality. The process of a newspaper refers to the types of information the issue contains and what this reveals about the paper’s persuasion. A look through the titles of the articles suggests the paper carries a pro-institution persuasion as the main thrust of the issue explores the concept of for-profit college systems as the new wave for the future. Information offered in the most current issue of the newspaper includes titles such as â€Å"For-Profit Colleges Change Higher Education’s Landscape†, â€Å"Private Giving to Colleges Dropped Sharply in 2009†, â€Å"In a Booming California Suburb, Fertile Ground for For-Profit Colleges† and â€Å"In Cutting Programs, Universities Try to Swing the Ax Gently.† In these titles, there is enthusiasm for the for-profit concept and discouraging news for the non-profit sector. The Chronicle of Higher Education makes no attempt to disguise its affiliation with the institutions, however, so this persuasion is no t surprising. In the case of the article about cutting programs, for example, a great deal of information is provided regarding the extreme difficulties college boards are having in trying to tighten the budget while retaining as many programs as possible. This begins to introduce the question of the motive. Why would a newspaper have such a persuasion in their reporting? What are they hoping to achieve in reporting on these issues? Because the newspaper is strongly affiliated with the higher education institutions, it stands to reason that they would take a stance strongly supportive of the institutional viewpoint. Sympathetic to the difficulties being experienced by universities

MG3037 Internetmarketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

MG3037 Internetmarketing - Essay Example Trust management is a significant aspect in stakeholder relationship management by building trust to encourage people to engage in online transactions. In reference to Chen (2007, p. 76), trust refers to a psychological condition where an individual accepts susceptibility based upon positive anticipations of the intentions of the other. The secret to building of strong relationships with online consumers lies not only on being where consumers are but by building trust. Joseph-Vaidyan (2008, p. 25) notes that there are common things associated with trust which organizations use to build strong, trustworthy relations with consumers. These items include assurance, brand, belief, care, choice, confidence, certainty, familiarity, hope, reputation, security, truth and obligation. Zappos.com has created consumer trust through providing correct contact addresses and numbers. Someone cannot put contact information such as a phone number if he or she does not intend to answer it. Zappos.com pr ovides contact information, which users can use to reach the customer support team or services. For this reason, most of the subscribers use their real names and provide valid contact information. This implies that the website has no pseudonyms or generic addresses used by the subscribers. Joseph-Vaidyan (2008, p. 27) asserts that many businesses acquire low trust from clients by using â€Å"Infor@† e-mail addresses. ... For instance, when a customer or client forgets his or her login details, zappos.com provides immediate feedback. This is done through undergoing a small security test and provision of the login details, if one passes the security test. Debatably, before customers can trust a firm, they need to be sure that whenever they raise concerns the firm will take their requests and provide a resolution (Chen, 2004, p. 78). For this reason, providing positive feedback to the customers instills hope in them and builds trustworthy relationships between customers and the company. Zappos.com website respects people’s confidentiality and privacy. This website has a privacy policy which each of customers or clients should agree to abide by before registering as a user. The privacy policy indicates how the company treats personal information. In addition, the policy includes statements on how the company intends to use the given personal information and how it does not intend to use it. This c ompany also articulates its commitment to keeping personal information private and secure by providing a contact for inquiries and more information regarding one’s data. In addition, security for an individual’s personal data is replicated in the security questions a subscriber should fill for identification. In this regard, security for ones information boosts trust between customers and the company. Ultimately, the most effectual way for commercial web providers to generate beneficial exchange relationships with online clients is to bring in their trust. The techniques for attaining customer trust are straightforward, although they may deviate fundamentally from traditional business practice. Joseph-Vaidyan (2008, p. 41)

Detective Archetype Essay Example for Free

Detective Archetype Essay Sherlock Holmes and the Doctor share qualities such as higher intelligence, isolation from society, and hyperactivity that shape them into the only ones capable of providing justice for the threatened. The two fit the detective archetype quite well and whether explicit or not, the archetype is prevalent in their stories as well as others. Qualities of the detective archetype are represented through each â€Å"detective’s† habits, actions, words, thoughts, and choices. It is complex, interests the reader, and is used by nearly every author of detective fiction. Holmes and the Doctor express and put forth their higher level of intelligence in everything they do. Their frequent and effective use of deductive reasoning tells them where to go and leads them in their endeavors. Before they can deduce what happened in the situation they are dealing with or find the solution to the problem at hand they must gather the facts. Both pay attention to detail, Holmes even said, â€Å"To a great mind, nothing is little.† (27) They consider everything – the unordinary to the obvious and the perplexing to the straightforward. Each of the characters has attained a myriad of knowledge which aids them in their reasoning. For the Doctor; he has learned things through experience. He has lived for thousands of years as he is not human and is like an eternal being, in that it can be assumed that he knows just about everything. Holmes’ knowledge, however, comes from experimentation that he conducts in his free time. Curiously, neither was formally educated, yet has a particular interest in sciences. When investigating a clue Agatha Christie commented, â€Å"there you go with the science stuff again!† (Dr. Who) which implies that he has already demonstrated his efficacy of science. With their arsenals of intelligence, Holmes and the Doctor will always prevail. Members of the detective archetype tend to be isolated from society and Holmes and the Doctor live up to that stereotype. In Homes’ case he chooses to be introverted and would rather spend time alone. Because he has a certain haughty narcissism it makes him believe that he is too good for others. When asked if he enjoys the literary works of Gaboriau and his detective Lecoq, Holmes â€Å"sniffs sardonically† and responds in an â€Å"angry voice†, claiming the book had made him â€Å"positively ill.† (14) The Doctor, on the other hand, would choose to be extroverted yet the circumstances of his life do not allow this. He is the last of his kind and does not fit anywhere; he is forced to live a life with few lasting relationships. Sherlock Holmes has few hobbies and most of them keep him isolated from other people. What he enjoys, other than experiments, is playing the violin while he thinks about current cases he is working on. Another hobby of his that his assistant Watson intimated is the use of narcotics. Watson suggests â€Å"On [some] occasions I have noticed such a dreamy vacant expression in his eyes that I might have suspected him of being addicted to the use of some narcotic† (10) Not only is Watson his assistant, but he is the only true friend of Holmes. Likewise, the Doctors’ assistant, Donna, is the only one who remains with him. Theirs assistants are not just there, but they help the detectives solve problems. More importantly, they make Holmes and the Doctor not seem so out of place. Hyperactivity is another characteristic of the detective archetype that both Holmes and the Doctor share. They constantly jump from one thought to the other. When the Doctor rambles on to himself about the time he spent during Charlemagne’s rule Christie questions, â€Å"but that was centuries ago.† The Doctor replies â€Å"I have a good memory† (Doctor Who) and moves on to his next thought. As the moment has passed he quickly shifts to the next thought on his mind. Similar to this, Holmes switches subjects rather frequently. In one instance Holmes was able to deduce a man’s background before Watson would even attempt to. To Watson he was merely a â€Å"fellow† â€Å"walking down the other side of the street.† Without even thinking about it Holmes replies, â€Å"You mean that retired sergeant of Marines.† â€Å"The thought had hardly passed through [Watson’s] mind† (14) by the time Holmes had moved on. Higher intelligence, isolation from society, and hyperactivity are qualities that make Holmes and the Doctor fit the detective archetype. Higher intelligence is used by the detectives to deduce information from and interpret the problem. By separating themselves from society the two can meditate on where their focus should be. Hyperactive by nature, these individuals are perfect for their roles. Despite the negative connotations of some of these characteristics, they are able to use them for their benefit to be successful.

Impossible To Have Objective Knowledge Philosophy Essay

Impossible To Have Objective Knowledge Philosophy Essay As humans we live with the inescapable notion of our own consciousness, burdened with the endless pursuit of knowledge, we eternally accumulate a careful conglomeration of facts and experiences that shape our very being. Imprisoned within our own cultural paradigms we fear our own subjectivities, entirely aware that our language, values and beliefs impact our every choice. We do not live in a social vacuum; instead, we roam free in a stimulating and subjective society. The acquisition of knowledge, or justified true belief as here defined, is learned through our tainted sensory experiences; whether auditory, visually or kinaesthetically. However, there remains the belief that certain areas of knowledge can remain immune to our polluting paradigms, areas of knowledge that do not evoke truth in their subjectivity but tell the truth in their objectivity. We often deem subjective knowledge hot and impulsive, wrought with emotion and bias, its validity tarnished by its opinionated and unb alanced nature. Objective knowledge is logical, considered, proven and factual, based in the realms of reasoning; science and maths. But to what extent is mathematical and scientific knowledge actually objective? And does subjective knowledge really hold any lesser value than its idolised counterpart or are we just afraid of own cultural paradigms? What can be less open to interpretation and more immutable than maths? Mathematics is the science of rigorous proof and the art of drawing coherent conclusions entirely independent of interpretation; we assume this to be the epitome of objective knowledge. Maths indubitable nature affords it enormous practical value, we are certain that 2 + 2 = 4 and that any circles circumference, no matter how big, when divided by its diameter equates to pi. Such facts rest undeniable and eternal, maths gives us non-trivial, substantial knowledge that rests true outside of experience. However, a question remains as to where maths exists? Is it, discovered or invented? The discovery theorem indicates a Platonic view of maths, somewhere in a metaphysical realm, the perfect forms of a circle and pi reside and mathematicians, by solving problems, are discovering an entity that already exists separate from our reality. If humans werent actively doing maths would maths exist at all? And can discoveries a ctually be made about mental fictions or is maths a human construction? J. S. Mill argues that mathematics exists in the eye of the beholder and that mathematical truths are empirical generalisations based on a vast number of experiences  [1]  . It does appear that Maths is not a universal language; mathematicians struggle to talk to non-specialists about their work because maths like all other knowledge can be culturally variable, subject to correction and change. Mathematicians form epistemic communities; the Romans, for example, had no concept of zero, Egyptian multiplication involved repeated doubling of numbers and in West Africa only subtraction was used to express numbers (not 2+2 but 6 -2 = 4). Hence, maths, as a human endeavour is susceptible to varying mental interpretation, so to what extent are we mentally selecting particular kinds of experience and deeming them to be important? We reached our modern, established perspective of maths through communication and collaboration, so it seems that although the numbers and patterns themselves ar e objective, the learning and advancement of maths is more inter-subjective; common ideas shared and amalgamated. Science too, provides us with a framework for objective knowledge; science appears indisputable because it is based on observation and fact. Culturally, we deem something scientifically proven to equate to the absolute truth. We believe our scientific account of the universe to be true and dismiss the hocus pocus of alternative medicine, creationism and the paranormal. Science is about how the world works; there being only once correct explanation for any phenomenon. Simultaneous discovery, like the discovery of DNA initially by Watson and Crick shortly followed by Franklin and Klug demonstrate the solidity and objectivity of science. If we could rewind the history of science, developments and discoveries may have occurred differently and by different scientists but the outcomes would be very similar. Gravity would still give weight to objects, causing them to fall towards the ground and cells would still be the smallest unit of life. However, the practice of science, as a human endeavour is founded in uncertainty, each time we learn something new with the astonishment comes the realisation that we were wrong before, David Bohm said, The notion of the absolute truth is shown to be in poor correspondence with the actual development of science. Scientific truths are better regarded as relationships that hold in some limited domain. Hence, the indisputability of science is based in observation and fact but observation and fact are dependent on the theory we choose to believe. What we see depends on how we choose to look at it and as humans we cannot observe the world purely and unhindered. Instead we see and structure things around our own cultural paradigms. Our science is based on a Westernised view that progress and objectivity are best reached through classification and explanation but does this render it useless? Of course not, science is there to be used but it is not there to tell us how things are. Science is not powerful because it is true: it is true because it is powerful  [2]  . But is truth synonymous with objectivity? Or can we harness our subjective and emotional human natures to further enhance our knowledge? Montaigne claimed, to understand via the heart is not to understand and through our quest to objectify knowledge we ignore our most basic emotional instincts. A scientific definition of emotion is the modification of neural activity that animates and focuses mental activity but is this not missing the vital essence of what it is to feel an emotion? This description of emotion is like describing art as a collection of blobs on canvas or defining poetry as words in short lines. Some knowledge demands subjectivity and complexity, notions of good and beauty, for example. In many ways formal knowledge of maths, philosophy and geography are a means to satisfy the highest and noblest human impulse and self-actualisation; the arts. Often human truths cannot be expressed using the language of rationality; it seems the artist attempt to address these truths w hile embracing their own creative process. Indeed art is a personal creation and contains the opinions of the artist but with science the feelings of the scientist are neglected from the final understanding of the process. Does this make science better than the arts? It would if science and the arts were investigating the same truths; science is obsessed with knowledge of the universe whereas art lends itself to knowledge of humanity. Iris Murdoch famously in The Sovereignity of the Good suggests that appreciation of the arts allows us to transcend the problems of rationality and empiricism that plague the human condition. Murdoch believes there to be some sort of objective good but sees that the means of achieving this end is to open our consciousness towards art thus directing our being towards unselfishness, objectivity and realism. The very nature of art as an ephemeral entity; forever transforming and evolving, transports us away from the comfort of our own subjectivities and plunges us into alternative human truths. No one is suggesting the lines and colours reveal truths in themselves; as Margaret Atwood said, context is all. To read WH Audens Sonnets entitled, In Time of War, is not to gain facts or objective truths about the Japanese occupation of China in 1938 but instead to bask in the literature, meaning and beauty of poetry. Audens words speak a deep and vitally human truth so by trying to reduce this art to a series of concrete facts are we not diminishing it? Of course the sky didnt throb like a feverish forehead and obviously the Japanese soldiers were not bound like the heiress in her mothers womb. It is more the penetrating insights, the deep sense of social awareness and contextual relevance that afford poetry and the arts as a whole the ability to bestow knowledge about humanity during the most turbulent and controversial eras. If anything, art is a continuous cultural narrative, evolving and translating the daily events that form our history. The search for certainty, objectivity and absolute truth lends itself to the study of history, for what could be more certain than that which has already happened? As G.R Elton suggests, the study of history is concerned with a subject matter more objective and independent than that of the natural sciences, and we often acknowledge the apparent immutability and un-changeability of the past. But as Napoleon argued, what is history but a fable agreed upon? From the age of eleven, during history classes we are indoctrinated into the significance of bias and the vigilance required to exercise caution around historical opinion. It is almost impossible to expect any human historian to escape their own paradigms and write free from influence. We are forever imposing our own values and moralities onto the past; my own essay on the reputation of Queen Marie-Antoinette during the French Revolution was largely angled around my own prejudices against misogyny and patriarchy. Perhaps more than an ything, history is a social construct, facts about the past that are interpreted in the present. However, the selective and human nature of history does not deem it twisted or useless or fabricated, by removing the judgemental and interpretational aspects of history we are left with fragmented and scattered etchings of the past. The historian herself is aware of her bias and thus seeks a convergence of evidence in a hope that further analysis and reasoning will transform such etchings into an original, insightful and beautiful picture.

St. Anselm of Canterbury Essay -- essays research papers

In the following I intend to prove that the ontological argument is in and of itself, insufficient in proving that God exists. There are a few problems with the argument that I will be discussing in detail in an attempt to illustrate exactly why ‘The Ontological Argument’ is unsatisfactory. The Definition of ‘Greater’ St. Anselm of Canterbury defined God as â€Å"that-than-which-a-greater-cannot-be-thought† (Bailey, 2002). The problem with this definition is that the term ‘greater’ is surely up for interpretation. The term ‘greater’ requires a comparison between itself and one or more things, which could pose a problem for Anselm’s argument; however Professor Thorp states that the only difference between these two things is that one exists in the mind, while the other exists in the mind and in reality. If we understand that a God that exists in the mind and in reality is greater than one that merely exists in the mind then we must understand that God exists. We need to examine this, however, much more closely to discover the problem with this statement; and I will do so using an example given to us by Professor Thorp. During the discussion of the Ontological argument, the professor asked us whether we would prefer ‘a real beer’ on a hot day, or ‘an imaginary beer’. The real one is preferable and it is greater than the imaginary one. But what type of beer was each person in the class imagining? There are multiple brands of beer available and it is quite possible that many people throughout the room were picturing a different beer. Which real beer was greater? This is not a question that I can answer because it lies in a matter of preference. We experience a similar problem when we think of ‘a real God’, and ‘an imaginary God’. Perhaps I perceive God in a specific way, and to me, he is a being â€Å"that-than-which-none-greater-can-be-thought† (Bailey, 2002). This proves that my perception of God exists for me, but what of everyone else’s perceptions of God? We must recognize a problem with this, in that everyone may perceive a ‘greater’ God in a very different way. We know that there are different perceptions of the ‘greater’ God because we have evidence of it in the various religions and the contrasting views of their God. With this in mind, all Anselm is able to prove with his argument is that every person’s individual perception of God does exist, but no on... ...comprehend or imagine Him. Because of this, God cannot be ‘thought’, he can merely be defined as infinite. Since we cannot comprehend God in our thought, he no longer exists in our minds as an entity, but merely as a definition. Thus, since he no longer exists in our minds, there is no obligation to understand that he must exist in reality; an implication made in Anselm’s argument.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anselm’s Ontological argument is insufficient in proving that God exists. For the reasons above and further objections from various philosophers, I do not believe that Anselm can argue the existence of God with his current premises as they stand. I must say that despite my objections to Anselm’s Ontological argument, I respect his work done, and the tremendous thought process that must have occurred to conjure up such a case as was presented. It is definitely much easier to prove a mortal wrong than it is to prove the existence of something so great and so unknown. Anselm’s Ontological argument while intriguing does have some problems in my opinion that take away from its validity; but needless to say it is in and of itself quite astounding.

The Word Processor :: Technology Writing Essays

The Word Processor The purpose of this assignment is to explore the many ways in which â€Å"cyberculture† has changed the way we think of writing and writers. It stems from a unit that is focused on the many ways that writing technology as well as reading technology has been altered with the addition of cyberculture to our previously basic ways of life concerning reading and composition. Using readings from Tribble and Trubek’s Writing Material, several articles were used to investigate this topic. Another issue of importance before I begin is the term â€Å"cyberculture† itself. For issues concerning this assignment, I refer to cyberculture as being things such as internet phenomenon’s such as the World Wide Web, Blogs, newsgroups, e-mail, chat rooms, and instant messaging. Cyberculture is indeed changing the way we think of writers, the act of writing and the act of reading. This change is easily apparent when considering the adjustments made in our habits of reading and writing. Along with these adjustments come the benefits that result. The reader should also keep in mind that while these new habits are growing and expanding, some old habits are still present and hard to replace. When describing the many adjustments made in our habits of reading and writing, the example of the word processor helps bring this point to a clearer understanding. Reading online texts found in the form of word processors is one of the most popular habits that we gain from cyberculture. The differences between reading text found onscreen compared to reading a physical text from paper gives many examples of some of the adjustments we currently make in our habits of reading. The fact that this form of reading is becoming more popular is mentioned by James Sosnoski in his essay Hyper-Readers and Their Reading Engines. â€Å"Reading electronic texts on screens is likely to be the predominant mode of reading in the very near future† (Sosnoski 400). He also adds that this habit will eventually â€Å"dominate our practices† (Sosnoski 400). With the word processor, people everywhere are able to make formal documents, letters, tables, etc. quickly and easily. In most cases, it is true that the speed of typing could also be faster than the speed of writing by hand which saves time for those who want to produce material in a shorter amount of time than writing by hand.

An Analysis of Birches Essay examples -- Robert Frost Birches Essays

"Birches" is a memorable poem that is rich and interesting enough to repay more than one reading. Robert Frost provides vivid images of birches in order to oppose life's harsh realities with the human actions of the imagination. "Birches" has a profound theme and its sounds, rhythm, form, tone, and figures of speech emphasize this meaning. Theme "Birches" provides an interesting aspect of imagination to oppose reality. Initially, reality is pictured as birches bending and cracking from the load of ice after a freezing rain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   They are dragged to the withered bracken by the load   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And they seem not to break; though once they are bowed   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   So low for long, they never right themselves: Reality has its ups and downs. This passage suggests that people never fully recover from being dragged down by life even if they don't seem broken. Imagination is portrayed as "a swinger of birches." The portrayal of the boy refines this image:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One by one he subdued his father's trees   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By riding them down over and over again. The boy seems to take in lessons about life from these encounters with the trees on his father's land:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   He learned all there was   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To learn about not launching out too soon. This boy lives away from town and must play by himself. He has learned his father's lessons. Imagination is the gift for escaping reality that each one of us possesses. We do not have to depend on anyone to take a mental vacation. Mastering your art of imagination will increase your ability to handle the bad things life dishes out. That's why the narrator advocates using imagination. On Earth we can become weary from life's everyday occurrences--that "pathless wood." However, Earth's the place for lo... ...ture poetry. I could picture a winter scene: "As the breeze rises" and the effect of "the sun's warmth" on the sheaths of ice covering the tree branches. But this is where I ended the scene. I did not picture the shattering of ice "on the snow crust" like "heaps of broken glass to sweep away." Initially, I did not get the shattered feeling; I felt the scene was peaceful. Conclusion I enjoyed reading "Birches," and I believe my reaction is both personal and aesthetic. This poem was lengthy and complex enough to contain many of the aesthetics of an excellent poem. I will always remember the vivid images provided by Frost's use of figures of speech and sound.   This poem also stirred my feelings. Frost, Robert. Frost: Collected Poems, Prose, & Plays â€Å"Introduction to Threescore: The Autobiography of Sarah N. Cleghorn,† New York, The Library of America, 1995.

Choosing Hardware Essay

T he computer system that is already installed will not meet the Theme Park’s requirements because it is inadequate. The RAM (system memory) is about 4000 megabytes too small and would only last for a very short period of time, thus making it a rather expensive mistake. The hard drive is only 10 gigabytes, making it 990 gigabytes short of what you would need. The optical drive is out of date – it is the equivalent of video in today’s world. The USB is out of date and with the new USB 3, which has been dubbed the super speed USB3, can transport files in seconds not minutes or hours. The CPU goes at a snail’s pace. There is no graphics editing programme – it only has Windows media centre, which can only let you print photos out and pretty soon, they will stop making updates for Windows XP. The printer only prints out 18ppm when I would recommend having â€Å"Brother HL-5370DW Mono† because the first page can come out in 8. 5 seconds, with a maximum of 30 ppm with a resolution of 1200 x 1200 which means you can print out visitors’ photos quicker than the old system and prevents annoyed customers having to wait for their souvenir photos, thus increasing business. I would suggest upgrading to â€Å"HP Touchsmart 600†. With a touchscreen, there is no need to have a mouse. It is 10 times quicker, for the particular requirements the Theme Park will need – which is an improvement over the old VDU. It has an Intel Core 2 Duo Processor which is an improvement on the old system. As far as the RAM is concerned, I recommend having 4GB which is a substantial improvement on the 64MB. The hard drive has a huge improvement to 1TB over the old system of only 10 GB. The optical drive would be brought up to the 21st century by having the new computer’s optical drive DVD rewriter which is a great improvement over the previous system. The DVD rewriter means you can record to it and play which is not possible on the CD-Rom. The graphics card can be improved to the GeForce G2000 which is yet another improvement over the old system. The improved graphics card helps you to have quicker and better graphical enhancements on your VDU. The software I would recommend loading onto the new system, which the old system didn’t have, is a graphical editing programme. The programme I would recommend is called CorelDraw X3, which has a professional artist working on the making of the programme, so you can have professionally done films with intuitive drawing features and an easy to follow instruction manual. The new system comes with Windows 7, which has features such as touchscreen capabilities and I mentioned how useful these could be above. They have features like Snap and Aero which are not found in XP. It is also more secure than XP with data encryption built into Windows 7. I would also recommend a Super Speed USB 3, which can transfer files in the blink of an eye, making it quicker to transfer to digital photo frames for a technologically advanced souvenir. I believe that the new system meets and exceeds the specification, with plenty of time saving devices meaning that business would increase and higher quality photos would be produced, and you can improve photos using CorelDraw Users may need training in the new recommended system because Windows 7 is new and not many people will have used it, but once the expense of training and buying the equipment has passed, it will be quicker and easier to use. Simple Report to David and rest of staff. The reasons why the new system has computer parts that they are quicker and with more memory, is that the old system has the equivalent memory of a goldfish. My recommended system has the memory of an elephant. The programmes recommended may be complicated but after training, make life much easier and more amazing compared to the XP Media centre edition. The improvements will be speed, usability and memory requirements. The speed is quicker because it has a processor (CPU) which is a newer one and unlike the one in the old processor, has one processor within the unit. The new one has double the processors in the unit. The usability of the old system needed a mouse and partially sighted people would find it difficult to see the mouse cursor, so the Touchscreen I have recommended would get rid of the need for a mouse, so it is much easier for everyone to use. The memory in the old system was poor. The memory in the new system is vastly increased, more than 10 times. Once trained in the new editing package I have recommended, â€Å"CorelDraw†, the Staff can produce great looking professional photos like the ones in magazines. . The resolution is the same for both printers, but the speed is massively improved which will help you with editing as you can print it off much quicker. The printer in the old system is slow to print, resulting in annoyed employees and customers. The printer I recommended for the new system is just over double the speed and prints at 33 ppm, and with the first page printing in 8. 4 seconds for a speedy delivery, this will provide a superior service with an increased profit margin. The old system is slow and not very user-friendly and the new system allows an increased productivity and an increased target audience, e. g. , help for dyslexics, partially-sighted people, and even blind people. The CorelDraw programme will allow you to edit photos 10 times easier than with your old system, with increased tools to add to the overall effect of the photos.

Women Should Be Treated Equally as Men

If we look back throughout history, women have been treated as a minority everywhere. There have not been many female leaders that have overcome the equality between men and women and made great strides towards different areas such as political, sports and education. In the Bible, Galatians 3:28 says â€Å"There is neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor female, for you are all one is Christ Jesus. â€Å". This makes it clear that at everybody and everything is equal, at least in the eyes of God.Unfortunately, there is still a margin of inequality between the sexes today and so the revolution continues. Over the generations, women have always been confined to the perimeters of their home, or worst their kitchens. Since the pre- historic times, women have always been home-makers, while the men are considered to be the hunters, or in modern terms, the breadwinners that put the food on the table. Since then women are to be considered as the weaker sex. The greatest achievement that they get is being a good wife of a man. Luke 10:39 tells us about Mary, who sat at the Lord Jesus' feet, listening to what he said.This was a position of student to a teacher in ancient time, the equivalent of college attendance today. So Mary was doing something quiet shocking and radical. She was appropriating a role normally reserved only for man, since it was thought only men could receive a higher education while women were supposed to stick to their role as home-makers. However, Jesus, instead of rebuking Mar's desire of intellectual and spiritual advancement, encourages her and supports her. He sees her as being equal to men in her desire and capacity for knowledge. Women are usually looked down because of their lack of physical strength.As the saying goes don't Judge a book by its cover. Women are actually talented in many ways. Binary Bout, Margaret Thatcher, Julia Gaillardia, Nadir Gandhi, Among San Sue Sky are women that achieved things in politics. The old adage â €Å"Behind every successful man is a woman† holds strong as well. Throughout history, women have been the encouraging force behind their husbands. In 1757, wealthy widow Martha Dandier Cutis married George Washington, and her background of meaner financed his military and political career. Something special is needed to be done if you want to prove something, but opportunities must be given for that to happen.Women are given less opportunities to show their talents. It is a norm girls to not get enrolled to higher education those days and it is still happening in the rural places. They will get married when they finish their high school or even when they reach 15 years old and their life ends doing chores in the house and carrying the responsibilities as a wife and a mother. Women are not allowed to have their own opinions as men ego's high as the sky and tend to shrug off women's opinion by refusing to take their opinion inconsideration.In the year 2011, USA Today reported t hat two women, Heather Breech of the pharmaceutical firm Mylar and Virginia Roomette of IBM will succeed their predecessor as their respective companies Coos. Roomette succeed Sam Palomino, making her the first female CEO in the company's 100-year history. With the 500 companies in the year 2012. Fast forward to the present, there are now a total of 21 women Coos in Fortune 500 companies, which makes up for 4. 2 percent of Fortune 500 companies' CEO positions. Whereas, in the Fortune 1000 companies, there are 25 women Coos which makes up for 4. Percent of Fortune 1000 companies' CEO positions. When you take a good look at these numbers, it is astounding to realize that even in this era of globalization and gender equality, the corporate world is still a man dominated world. The boardroom is generally a man's playground and the number women who cross the threshold is still scarce. Why does this happen? Well, as I mentioned earlier, the boardroom is where men hold court. For years and years, it has been the exclusive club for men. Male Coos are succeeded by their male underlings and this has been the norm. Why you may ask.I think we can attribute this phenomenon to â€Å"the all-boy network†. Employers are more likely to groom employees who have similar attributes to them to be their successors. Therefore, male employers more than often tend to have male proto ©g ©s as they feel a deeper connection and are more comfortable. It is not often a male employer looks at a woman employee and thinks â€Å"l see a younger version of myself in her†. And the general notion that women do not make good leaders as they lack assertiveness and managerial skills does not help to boost women's numbers in the corporate world.This leads to world-wide phenomenon- the glass ceiling effect. The glass ceiling effect is defined as an intangible barrier within a hierarchy that prevents women or minorities from obtaining upper-level positions. It is a phenomenon whereby a woman who has the same abilities and talents has a much slower rate at progressing through the corporate ladder compared to a man. The overall labor market is mostly segregated by sex where women executives are concentrated into certain types of jobs – mostly staff and support Jobs – that offer little opportunity for getting to the top.A 1986 Wall Street Journal survey found â€Å"The highest ranking women in most industries are in non-operating areas such as personnel, public relations, or, occasionally, finance specialties that seldom lead to the most powerful top- management posts. † Women are locked out of Jobs in the â€Å"business mainstream,† the route taken by Coos and presidents. But even when women can get a line Job, it is not likely to be â€Å"in a crucial part of the business† or the type of Job that can â€Å"mark them as leaders. † (quoted from : http://www. Feminist. Org/research/business/ ebb_glass. HTML ). Women are not considered to be policy makers and more than often relegated to parts of business that keeps them out of the boardroom thus mulling any chances of them becoming Coos or COOS of their companies. Besides glass ceiling, mommy track is also contributing factor as to why women are not considered for top positions in their companies. Mommy track is defined as a career path determined by work arrangements offering mothers certain benefits, such as flexible hours, but usually providing them with fewer opportunities for advancement.Women who are in the mommy track situation more than often take themselves out f the running, settling for lower-level positions with more predictable hours and less responsibility. Everyday women are subjects of some sort of abuse – domestic abuse in their homes and objects of sexual harassment in their workplaces. Even in these modern days, we still hear and read stories of women beaten by their brought shame to the family is deemed not worthy of living. They are abused, tortured and killed by their husbands, their in-laws or worst by their own family members.According to United Nations (UN) statistics, more than 5,000 women and girls are murdered every year in the name of honor killings across the world. It is completely horrifying to know that women around the world are being slaughtered for completely ridiculous reasons. For an example, the case of Nor Baser and Nor She's, aged 15 and 16, who were gunned down alongside their mother by their step brother because they were filmed dancing in the rain. These girls were thought to have brought great dishonor and shame for allowing themselves to be filmed.Abuse also happens in the workplace for women. Women are more often subjected to sexual harassments by their male employers or their male counterparts. Many en do not know what qualifies as sexual harassment and might do this unwittingly. But some forms of harassment are more prevalent. For an example, physical sexual harassment that includes distasteful action such as touching of an intimate body part, patting, pinching, stroking, brushing up against the body, hugging, kissing, fondling and sexual assault.This type of harassment makes the working environment uncomfortable for women and more than often nothing is done to eradicate these problems. Besides that, women could also be coerced to trade in sexual favors with her employers for career advancement. One of the reason why women should be treated in a parallel way with men is because women prejudiced against another women. As an example, a woman who has broken the glass ceiling than often might not hold out a helping hand to another women who is struggling too. This happens when a women begins to be quite Judgmental towards another women.A senior manager might tend to look at the struggling Junior manager as not worthy and has not bring any good impacts in the future of the company. Besides that, the all boys network had been another reason why a women preju diced against another women. A senior position women might be the only high position female in the band of brotherhood, so she tends to be like one of the boys and she has to play by their rules. Women that are highly educated, independent and assertive could be considered as egoistic, conceited and self-absorbed by another women.Women with high position tends to be working or acting like a men when they are in the office. They are more likely to behave like a men's personality, as these traits are more generally associated with men. When something bad happens, like harassment, abuse or rape, the victims especially women will be caused, blamed and are noninsured to deserved it as it was her fault. Women which is not in fault sometimes will be accused on doing what they did not do. This should not happen because it is not good when someone is being treated one-sided.Women should be treated the same way as men because they also has the rights to not being caused by another person or m en. We must be equal towards two gender and not by Just accusing women because they have their rights too. Women should be treated parallel to men because there should not be any one-sided treat against another gender as we are all humans. There should be equality between two genders. Besides that, women should be treated in a parallel way with men because women are more emotional than men.Women tends to allow emotions to rule over them more than often take due to their role as a mother and wife in the home. The differences between men and women are that women do not think like men. Women decision making skills are more doubtful because most of the time they could be overcome with emotions and more often do not make a clear headed decision in life. Women sometimes become too involved and find it hard to be more impartial like their male counterparts. Women are more emotionally effected rather than men.As an example women will not be able to concentrate on their work when they have e motional problem which is vice versa compared to men. Men do not let their emotions control them when they are working. Liability in the corporate world, when a women gives birth too child, she will automatically burdened with dual responsibilities. She has to work double the effort to raise the child. When a women has to work and take care of her children she will not be able to do all the work and this will definitely affects her output in the courier.Women cannot do multi-tasking like men. Women mostly can only do one thing at a time not like men, men can do multi-tasking because men are more optimistic than women. Women with high applicability might be able to stand the pressure in work life and in the home. She might be able to take care of their children and she also knows how to keep her work done neatly. The equality between gender should be handle or treated equally as it will not be one-sided problem solving. This is very important because one-sided problem solving will no t assure an equality in solving problems.In short, women could make good sections and are not overcome with emotions as they are pictured. Emotions do not make people bad leaders butt helps them to be empathetic and sympathetic of others' plights and this in turn helps them to make better decisions. A career woman who is also a wife and a mother do not automatically have a lower output at work. Employers play an important role in this. An accommodating employer will find themselves with a good employee. But unfortunately, more than often, new mothers are pressurized by their employers that sometimes the women are left to choose either career or family.

Message to Garcia Essay

In the short writing, Message to Garcia, the author Elbert Hubbard writes of a man named Rowen, who is tasked with delivering a letter to the leader of the Cuban resistance forces, General Garcia. But the story is not about his trials, or his mishaps. It’s not about his journey nor his thoughts about the situation at all. The story actually mentions Rowan only a few times throughout. The author instead focuses on the qualities of Rowan, not on what he says, but, rather on what he didn’t. The narrator of the story, who is never actually named but whom can be assumed to be in close conjunction with those who were tasked with reaching Garcia, speaking of Rowans undeniable loyalty to the cause. The situation was seemingly impossible. Trying to reach Garcia who was actively trying to stay hid to deliver a message asking for his cooperation. With no questions asked Rowan sats out on his three week journey to deliver the message. The connection between Rowans silence on the details of the mission, and his loyalty to the task and the ones giving it to him are explained further in the story. In fact later on, it becomes less of a story and more of a guidance manual to the readers. It explains that how many times nowadays, or perhaps most times, success is gained through back ended means. People in general sense do not possess the mindset to focus on a task, nor have the willingness to gain that mindset. When told to accomplish a task, they wither go do it halfheartedly is at all, or simply shift it to the side, or the gutter as the author put it. The main connection that the author made was that Rowan did not ask where General Garcia was. Not because he already knew, but that he knew enough about the situation that he had already made the determination that he was tasked with the mission because nobody else knew either. To put it simple, it did not matter whether he asked or not. His success of the mission relied purely on his skills and accomplishing the task. Asking questions like who  and how ere of little consequence. He had to do it and he would do it. As I said before, the author was not concerned with the journey, but his willingness and loyalty to mission accomplishment to begin the impossible journey at all. The author also goes into details about another man, to describe the polar opposite of Rowan. He describes the man as impervious to reason, unable to take orders, nor give them. Basically describing a large portion of todays society. The people with a society of people such as that is that progress is halted, not because the means aren’t there, but that there is not initiative to find the means and put them into effect to get things done. To a logical thinking person, the conclusion is this, that Rowans qualities of dedication to the mission, and his comrades that would more the likely be benefited by his actions, even if he could not immediately see it, are qualities that we should all strive to possess. To better ourselves and those around us is a mission in itself, one that we should all be loyal too, not just for us, but for everyone, For is everyone shared this sentiment, perhaps the need to send a letter to General Garcia would not have existed at all. The need for us to observe situations, or missions, if you will, from a third person point of view, rather than looking just at how they will benefit us, or take us out of our comfort zones, becomes more necessary as we receive more responsibility to get the mission accomplished.

Counselling Theories Essay

1.Explain the concept of nature versus nurture, using yourself as a case study to illustrate the theory. The concept of nature versus nurture is that human behaviour is influenced by genetic information inherited from our parents and also by environmental and social influences. My appearance such as short sightedness and pigmentation (freckles) I inherited from my parents. This means like my father I must wear glasses to drive and many other aspects of my daily life. Being a woman this heightens my social awareness as how others perceive me. Society dictates ‘the body beautiful’. Magazines, Bill-boards, TV and newspapers constantly suggest the need to have a perfect complexion. This influences how I perceive myself and makes me feel I must wear makeup to cover up such blemishes to appear more acceptable and feel good about myself. Thus this influences my behaviour in everyday life as I feel my appearance determines my acceptance by others. 2.Identify one strength and one weakness of the nature versus nurture concept in relation to understanding human development and individual behaviour. One strength of the nature versus nurture concept in relation to understanding human development and individual behaviour is the ability to explain addiction to smoking, drinking and narcotics. Children see their family and friends behaviour as socially acceptable and so exhibit these behaviours with little question. This often leads to entrenched social behaviour. This suggests that our early experiences can affect our perspective later in adulthood. One weakness of the nature versus nurture concept in relation to understanding human development and individual behaviour is that if someone’s behaviour is solely determined by their genes then to what extent are people in control of their lives. For instance people suffering from ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder) have the same set of genes but depending on their family, social or cultural upbringing may respond differently to the same situation. 3.Describe Freud’s concept of the ego, id and superego. Explain how the ego,  id and superego interact. Use an example from your own experience. Id: Describes the biological or instinctive response. This is our original personality we are born with and controls responses in the early stage of life. Ego: In this second developmental stage, compromises in instinctive responses to environmental circumstances begin to develop. The ego mediates with the id by considering the rules of the real world and the consequences of actions taken in that world. Superego: This is that part of our psyche that determines how we think we should react in a given situation. This is the development of morals, what is right and what is wrong. It is a further development of control over the id response. An example from my own experience is say when I see a piece of cake on display. My id tells me I want to eat the piece of cake, my ego says are you really that hungry. My superego rationalises the situation and asks if I eat the cake unnecessarily, a possible consequence is I will put on weight and so is this the right thing to do? 4.Identify one strength and one weakness of Freud’s concept of the ego, id and superego in relation to understanding human development and individual behaviour. One advantage of Freud’s concept of the ego, id and superego in relation to understanding human development and individual behaviour is that it gives a good overall description of development of the human psyche. It recognises the development of personality and physical development stages. It demonstrates the interplay or lack of; between these different aspects of the psychological process and how different outcomes can occur as a consequence of this balance. One weakness of Sigmund Freud’s concept of the ego, id and superego in relation to understanding human development and individual behaviour is that not each may be equally well developed. This mix of psyche occurs at different rates for each individual. This can lead to social consequences where individuals will be treated differently causing a hindrance in the future development of the ego and superego. 5. Describe Jean Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development and provide an example from your own experience to illustrate the theory. Sensorimotor (Birth 18 months): During this period the baby begins to  recognise the world around them and so develops refined eye movement, depth vision, and later as they begin to explore further learn to crawl and then walk. They start to use simple language ‘mum’, ‘dad’ and other single word responses.   Preoperational (18 months to 6 years): Here the child increases their vocabulary and recognise some simple symbols and how to deal with certain basic situations. They can understand those near to them and begin to categorise the world around them. ï€ ªConcrete operational (6 to 12 years): At this point language skills increase but are still tied to the real world. The ability to reason increases in seeking to understand the world around them. Formal operational (12 years and over): About this point the child begins to explore abstract or hypothetical situations. There is an attempt to organise thoughts and situations into a logical ordering. From my own experience while I cannot remember the first two stages but I have seen them in my children’s growing up. At the age of 12 my daughter started to explore cooking for herself at first making cakes and more complicated meals. She started to ask such questions regarding instructions on packet mixes before progressing to more complicated cooking such as a bacon, tomato and onion omelette. More recently she has started to explore more complex issues and why people do what they do. 6.Identify one strength and one weakness of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development in relation to understanding human development and individual behaviour. Piaget’s stages of cognitive development demonstrate an important connection between physical development and personality stages. A criticism levelled at Piaget however was that he used his own children and others from a well educated and high socio-economic background. This selection is thus not fully representative of all society. Further children from different environment and cultural backgrounds may mature differently. Thus the age classification of the different stages may be much wider with some children developing at an earlier age and some later. 7.List Erikson’s eight psychosocial stages of development. Which stage do you see yourself in and why? (1)Oral sensory (0 – 1 year) (2)Muscular anal (2 – 3 years) (3)Locomotor-genital (3 – 5 years) (4)Latency (6 years – puberty) (5)Adolescence (12 – 18 years) (6)Early adulthood (18 – 35 years) (7)Middle adulthood (35– 60 years) (8)Mature adult (60+ years) I’m at stage 7 according to Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development. I am 40 years old, I have a family, a career and have organized as much as is possible my future life which now includes further education. 8.Identify one strength and one weakness of Erikson’s stages of development in relation to understanding human development and individual behaviour. A strength of Erikson’s stages of development in relation to understanding human development and individual behaviour is that it places greater stress in the nature versus nurture debate for the need for both concepts. Further this description is placed across an entire lifespan of a human being. A criticism, however, is that this theory describes the developmental process rather than explaining it.

Macroeconomics Models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Macroeconomics Models - Essay Example The LM curve is derived from the assumption that money supply is not a function of interest rates and therefore given certain levels of money supply we can determine when the monetary at which levels the monetary sector is at equilibrium; the LM curve is derived as follows: The above diagram shows the derivation of the LM curve, MS represents money supply, When there is an increase in national income from Y1 to Y2 then this will shift the money demand schedule to the right from MD1 to MD2 and for the purpose of attaining equilibrium in the money market interest rates will shift from IR1 to IR2 and this relationship helps us to derive the LM curve above. A policy mix is the use of both fiscal and monetary policies, fiscal policies include the use of government expenditure while the monetary polices include money supply. An example is where the government reduces expenditure, this will shift the IS curve to the left and because and the monetary policy measure here would be to decrease interest rates from IR1 to IR2 in order to push back the economy to the natural rate of output Yn. From the above diagram when the government decrease its spending this shifts the IS curve to the left from IS1 to IS2, this will lead the monetary policy makers to decrease the interest rates for this reason the new equilibrium will be at Yn and IR2. Economists view the labour market as any other mark... A policy mix is the use of both fiscal and monetary policies, fiscal policies include the use of government expenditure while the monetary polices include money supply. An example is where the government reduces expenditure, this will shift the IS curve to the left and because and the monetary policy measure here would be to decrease interest rates from IR1 to IR2 in order to push back the economy to the natural rate of output Yn. From the above diagram when the government decrease its spending this shifts the IS curve to the left from IS1 to IS2, this will lead the monetary policy makers to decrease the interest rates for this reason the new equilibrium will be at Yn and IR2. 3. How do labour markets affect workers' bargaining power Economists view the labour market as any other market whereby labour has its own demand and supply, when the supply of labour is high then wage rates are low and on the other hand when the demand for labour is high then the wage rates increase. Therefore the demand and the supply will determine the equilibrium wage rates in an economy and also determine the workers bargaining power. 4. What is meant by the efficiency wage and what does it imply about the clearing of the labour market Efficiency wage is a concept that states that wage rates are not only determined by the supply and demand of labour and for this reason there is need to pay a higher wage rate to employees to increase efficiency and productivity of labour. This concept therefore states that wage rates should be set higher than the market clearing rate in order to achieve efficiency which is achieved through the higher pay than the market clearing. 5. How does Blanchard define and motivate the

Discussion feedback Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion feedback - Assignment Example Instead of wasting a million dollar deal it’s far more ethical and better than to take more time whether it costs some minute amount of money in the projects. I would have told the presidents that the inflammable polymer is still not produced and we need more resources and time. I will also explain the president in the report that the people and management are working hard to get the required material and there is no lack in performance so far. If I were in the place of Veronica, I would have talked to George individually and told him that he was not the only one responsible for all the mess that happened and now they should agree on the terms and start working on the project again. I would have given a redesigned plan and talked to different sponsors especially the local university partners in order to give us another chance. After that I would have urged George to come and call another meeting in which hall the plans will be set for the future. There is no point in leaving the project. Problems come in every project. I would have told Gail that there is a need to slash out the budgets more apart from the paper less work environments and teleconferencing because these things are really minute and will not affect the savings of the organization optimally. I would have suggested her that there should be some costing depletion in the office equipments and any other things which she can sort out in order to save the money of the company. I would have told Gail that everyone has to play a role in this crisis situation to survive. Gink’s actions are clearly against the set standard of ethics and if I would have been in the place of Linda, I would have talked to the upper management in order to investigate the matter by controlling my emotions in order to be professional. The matter seems to be marketing leak rather than a deliberate attempt but I would have asked the managers to clarify their position

Medicare and Medicaid Module 4 (SLP) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Medicare and Medicaid Module 4 (SLP) - Essay Example The program has been designed to provide affordable medical support and its clients benefit from a range of products, including regional care teams, social workers, registered nurses and the behavioral health specialists. Medical services in Texas are offered depending on the laid down policies. The Medicare system is ideally relevant and it involves a number of radical considerations. The Medicare supplement involves paying your taxes through 65 years and from here you can be able to get your payback. To qualify for Texas Medicare, the state offers enrolment requirements for the couples. For example in Texas, the core consideration for people planning to acquire the health plan would involve ideally ensuring that qualification for Part A hospital insurance scheme is achieved. This implies that must work for 10 years in order to qualify for the free cover. Other people would opt to buy the program. The rates vary considerably from about $32-$100 depending on the program. To enroll hence for Part B program or otherwise known as medical insurance, you will be required to pay $99.90 every month. Once enrolled, your details would be reflected in the Medicare systems database once you reach 65 years. The services take effect as soon as your information has been crosschecked for authenticity. Further, the medicare scheme could be automatically loaded depending on specific pay details. The next step is to classify your outpatient insurance program to be able to attain the relevant benefits. Part B insurance is critical and it is fundamental for people looking for treatments outside the hospital. If you have been successful in meeting relevant requirements, then it would be ideal to ensure that you proceed to create specific milestone for your spouse and your family. The monthly fee for Part B is $99.9 per month but this could be much less and this is classified basing your existing membership scheme or even when your premium has

Risk Analysis and Ethical Considerations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Risk Analysis and Ethical Considerations - Essay Example As the discussion there are three main events under this theory. First all actions must be judged from the consequence of the actions. Secondly, the judgment is about the quantum of happiness these actions have generated. Lastly, each person’s welfare is equally important and actions must be directed to this objective. There are two sub theories of Utilitarianism. Van Wyck explains that under Act Utilitarianism theory the view taken is that a right action is one that is also chosen by another individual, and the common intention is to produce at least the same good result. Under this theory an action is taken for the larger good even if it means abandoning or ignoring a rule or set of rules. In other words ends justify the means. This study stresses that the proponents of the other theory called Rule Utilitarianism believe firmly in observing rule and not encroaching on others happiness even if the happiness of a larger group is likely to be affected. This means that rules are meant to be followed to preserve sense and balance in a society. The other group called Deontological theory hold that obligations must be followed irrespective of consequences. Deontologists insist that actions are morally in the wrong not because of their consequences, but because fundamentally these actions are a moral violation (Boxill). Morally right mans approved by God and morally wrong means disapproved by God. The will of God is the arbiter of right or wrong. In 1907 Henry Sidgwick expanded the Greatest Happiness principle to conclude that welfare of the people was more paramount than mere happiness. He felt that utilitarianism could be used to balance the morality of â€Å"common sense:† In effect Sidgwick attempted to bring utilitarianism into mainstream thinking of other less philosophical theories on ethics.

Precautionary Principle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Precautionary Principle - Essay Example Such specific status of the precautionary principle makes it a very interesting and highly relevant field of analytical inquiry. The formal concept of 'precautionary principle' originated in Germany in the 1930s. Initially, this concept applied to socio-legal practices such as household management: German word 'Vorsorgeprinzip' translated into English as 'precaution principle' (O'Riordan & Cameron 1994, p. 10). By the 1970s the concept of 'Vorsorgeprinzip' developed into an essential principle of German environmental law and was used to justify the actions meant to address such problems as global warming, sea and air pollution, and others. At the centre of early conceptions of precautionary principle was the idea that society should take efforts to prevent environmental damage by careful forward planning, blocking the flow of human activities potentially hazardous for environment or "long term planning to avoid damage to the environment, early detection of dangers to health and the environment through comprehensive research, and acting in advance of conclusive scientific evidence of harm" (LaFranchi 2005, p. 681). Since the 1970s the precautionary principle has proliferated in international and domestic conventions, treaties, and political statements dealing with environmental issues in which the science is uncertain. Thus, the precautionary principle was introduced in 1984 at the First International Conference on Protection of the North Sea; it was also integrated into the Bergen declaration on sustainable development, the Maastricht Treaty on the European Union, the Barcelona Convention, and the Global Climate Change Convention. Sweden and Denmark were the first states after Germany to seriously implement the precautionary principle in their environmental and public health policy (Hanson 2003). Since the late 1980s, the precautionary principle in some or other form has become unalienable aspect of domestic statutes and policies in Australia too. Current Approaches and Definitions Despite relatively long history of use, no universally accepted definition of the precautionary principle has been proposed up to date. Perhaps the most widely quoted definition of the precautionary principle is the one formulated at the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development: "In order to protect the environment, the precautionary approach shall be widely applied by States according to their capabilities. Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation" (Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, 1992, Principle 15). Although this definition is used more commonly than others it is not universally accepted: there are many alternative definitions. The precautionary principle can also be defined as "... a willingness to take action in advance of