Jamaican Independence essays

Jamaican Independence essays This investigation will account for Jamaicas movement towards and achievement of independence from the midst of the 1930s to the 1960s. It will focus on the approach for national development and the gradual increase of national consciousness marked by the end of the dark age and, essentially, by the Great Depression; the root of widespread political stirrings. The charismatic Norman Manley and Bustamante were the leaders of independence movements, the latter eventually becoming the first Prime Minister of an independent Jamaica. Jamaica fell to British rule in 1655, a prized colonial possession valued for its sugar production, with an established Crown Colony government appointed by the Queen . By the 1930s Jamaica had already undergone series of essential changes; the abolition of slave trade resulted in the collapse of the plantation system generating a prolonged economic crisis, for which Jamaica was gradually losing economical significance to British plantation owners. Oppressive taxation, discriminatory acts by the courts, and land-exclusion measures caused widespread unrest among the blacks. The Great Depression in 1929 lead to further economic hardship as the price for the West Indian exports fell. It entailed unemployment for the Jamaican masses, who already lacked representation in the government, and generated campaigns to acquire a degree of local political control. The origin of organised mass nationalist movement lay in the wave of political and economic stirrings of labour unrest, bankrupt plantations, declining trade and barely tolerable working conditions. It culminated in the outbreak of labour riots in 1938, whereby the black population demanded economic, social and political changes, such as more suitable wages and working conditions. During this chaotic period a new Ras Tarafi movement grew which stressed on the West Indian African qualities, symbolizing the questioning of European valu ...

5 Types of Punctuation Problems

5 Types of Punctuation Problems 5 Types of Punctuation Problems 5 Types of Punctuation Problems By Mark Nichol Each of the following sentences omits or misuses punctuation, resulting in possible confusion when a word or phrase is attached to a main clause or a transition occurs. Discussion and revision explain and resolve each error. 1. He has no clue period. What is a clue period? There is no such thing. The person in question has no clue, and the speaker or writer emphasizes the point by appending the word period to the sentence to suggest finality; this tag word must be separated from the main clause by a comma to clarify its nonessential nature: â€Å"He has no clue, period.† 2. It was the kind of dialogue sitcom writers aspire to create, only it was a real conversation. Only is an interjection, so it must be set off from the independent clause that follows. However, a stronger form of punctuation must precede it so that only does not appear to be parenthetical because it is bracketed by a pair of commas: â€Å"It was the kind of dialogue sitcom writers aspire to create- only, it was a real conversation.† 3. The reality is no industry is exempt from at least assessing the implications of the new standard. A phrase like â€Å"the reality is† sets up the main clause of the sentence, so it must be set off from the statement: â€Å"The reality is, no industry is exempt from at least assessing the implications of the new standard.† (Alternatively, that can replace the punctuation: â€Å"The reality is that no industry is exempt from at least assessing the implications of the new standard.†) 4. She was one of just a handful of delegates who were willing to speak to the media as many fear for the safety of family still living in North Korea. As could be misunderstood to mean â€Å"while,† so a comma must be inserted between the main clause and the dependent clause to clarify that it is standing in for because: â€Å"She was one of just a handful of delegates who were willing to speak to the media, as many fear for the safety of family still living in North Korea.† 5. The adoption of the technology hasn’t moved more quickly because there remains a general lack of understanding about it. This sentence presents a miscue- the potential for reader misunderstanding because the uninterrupted nature of the sentence implies that an explanation of why the technology adoption has moved more quickly will follow. To clarify that no such information is forthcoming, break the sentence before the conjunction: â€Å"The adoption of the technology hasn’t moved more quickly, because there remains a general lack of understanding about it.† (Better yet, invert the sentence and adjust the wording of the main clause as needed: â€Å"Because there remains a general lack of understanding about the technology, its adoption has been slow.†) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Arrive To vs. Arrive At"Confused With" and "Confused About"75 Synonyms for â€Å"Hard†

The Effect of Alcohol Concentration on the Leakage of Pigment from Essay

The Effect of Alcohol Concentration on the Leakage of Pigment from Beetroot Cells - Essay Example The cell membrane is made up of phospholipids molecules and proteins. The phospholipids are present as a bilayer and that acts as the semi permeable membrane. The phospholipid bi-layer is formed because of the hydrophilic and the hydrophobic ends of the phospholipid molecule. The water loving hydrophilic head is present in the inner region of the membrane and the hydrophobic water hating tail region is present on the outer membrane region. This arrangement prevents the polar solutes from moving in and out of the membrane. This arrangement generally allows the passive diffusion of the hydrophobic molecules. The entire membrane is held intact because of the non-covalent interaction of the hydrophobic tails with a little fluidity.The betalains pigment of beet root is sequestered in the vacuole of the beet root cells. When the membrane condition is altered because of temperature variation, pH variations, the membrane becomes weak and loses its pigment content. The phospholipid bi-layer is soluble in an organic solvent. Ethanol is the most common organic s olvent. When ethanol is used for the extraction of the pigment from the beetroot, it dissolves the phosphor lipid bi layer and thus makes the membrane permeable. The betalains thus diffuses out of the membrane due to the concentration gradient. As this is a water soluble pigment, it results in the color of the solution. The intensity of the red-purple color in the solution will indicate the diffusivity level of the pigment. Hence the effect of concentration of ethanol may increase the color of the solution. This is a predictive hypothesis. The predictive hypothesis will give a tentative answer to the question that is under the investigation. (faculty.uca.edu). So the experiment was designed such that the independent variable ethanol is applied to the experimental group and it is controlled in the control group. According to our hypothesis, the control group had 0% ethanol and the experimental group had

Eurocentric patterns of perception Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Eurocentric patterns of perception - Essay Example It looks into the impact the media has on the nation, highlighting good practice as well as bad along the way. It aims to enlighten everyone with an interest in the media about how it all works, how quickly things are changing. It's also intended to be essential listening for those who work in the industry itself, those who study the media - and, of course, those who simply enjoy well-produced and lively radio. Williams, Tannis MacBeth (1986) The purpose of this study was to examine how the media has shaped student perception about class and privilege. In particular, this study looked at how classroom instruction might help students more critically examine the relationships between print media and television media hereafter and student notions of privilege. One reason this study may be significant is because it begins to examine the role of the social studies teacher in making the unintended consequences employed by mass media to define culture visible to students. It is also important because it attempts to measure student awareness of the media. It may begin to provide insights for future research on how the media affects student's perception of not only privilege but of other aspects of social studies education like race, gender, and conditions of freedom. Thompson, Robert J. (1996) The purpose of this study is not to condemn the media; rather this study is focused on empowering the modern society with reflective skills enabling them to be more critical consumers of modern media, by raising issues of race and class as it relates to media. 1.2 Media and Embodying Difference; Divided percepception Mass communications is crucial in today's world - yet people allow it to govern their minds, perceptions, and world views completely unchallenged. I respect the entertaining and educational aspects of media - and its overall power - yet I find all too often, the mass media does not serve the well-being of people, society, or this planet, in general. Greenberg, Bradley S. (1980) People of colour well understand how disempowering media can be. While we may be increasingly included in media representations, we still remain two-dimensional, 'either-or' stereotypes or caricatures of who we are and have the potential to be. Such stereotypes are often subtly negative. There's also what I call 'The Stickiness Factor;' I'll explain more about this, later. All activists, fringe types, and marginalized folks experience being 'othered,' in one way or another - especially by the media. Be you a person of colour, queer, low-income, female, differently-abled, or whatever, there are many ways to get stigmatized. Being viewed as less credible by those around you, or in the public's mind, is a constant struggle. 1.3 Literature Review 1.3.1 Social and Historical Background of Media in Society Several writers think that reality, the material and psychological aspects of culture, one's identity, is defined and shaped by the media. Hart (2000) believes the media forges many attitudes, raises barriers and can play a role in limiting freedom in a democratic society. His position contends the media helps to reproduce the privileges of whiteness, thereby playing a passive role in supporting, and in some cases,

Consumer Sciences Education Essay Example for Free

Consumer Sciences Education Essay Puberty is the period when children experience various physical and emotional changes in their bodies. Puberty comes with psychological effects that affect the teen’s interaction at school, with their peers and parents. Puberty Puberty is the stage in childrens lives when they experience physical changes through which their bodies eventually develop into adult bodies that are capable of reproducing. It is triggered by hormonal signals that stimulate the growth, function and change in different parts of the body, including the reproductive organs, breasts, skin, muscles, bones, hair and the brain depending on the sex (Allison, 2000). Puberty has various psychological effects within the school context, peers and parents. Within the school context puberty has wide psychological effects like searching identity and role confusion. It impacts their choice of career, sports activities, work schedule and tend to rebellious to the administration. It has been noted that adolescents prefer more liberal schools. At the same time the transition for example to high school has various effects on their academic achievement (Steinberg, 2001). During puberty, adolescents have very high regard for their peers. They measure who they are, their morals and lifestyles against them. Young people struggle to belong and to be accepted and affirmed by their peers, and yet also to become individuals. This desperate need for acceptance may explain why many teens engage in substance abuse and sexual activities. According to Allison, (2000, 54), adolescents tend to heed to advice from peers than from teachers and parents. It is notably however, the relationship between a teen and his or her peers has great impact on their self esteem. According to Steinberg, (2001, 67), parent-adolescent conflict increases during puberty. Conflict has been found to be most evident in interactions between adolescent girls and their mothers and relatively between boys and fathers. Many adolescents feel that the parents do not understand them and that they have different lives and interests. They also feel that the parents cannot guide them properly through this â€Å"stormy† period because they do not face the same challenges (Allison, 2000). In conclusion, there need to be a mutual understanding between parents and adolescents as puberty is a sensitive stage and needs to be handled with care by both parties. Only this way that both will minimize the unnecessary conflicts and promote understanding. Reference Allison, Barbara. (2000). Parent-adolescent conflict in early adolescence. Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences Education: Vol 18, No. 2 Steinberg, Laurence. (2001). Adolescent development. Annual Review of Psychology: Vol 52: 83-110.

Captain John Smith :: essays research papers

John Smith had many characteristics that helped to make him an important person in the beginning settlement of the New World. He was a brave and strong person who seemed to have little fear. He ran away from home when he was young and became a soldier in Europe and the Near East (Barbour). He thrived for excitement and adventure. During the settlement of Jamestown, he took on the responsibility of leadership by saving the colony from starvation (Microsoft). He made the men plant crops and build houses, while he was trading with the Indians for food (Microsoft). The colony chose him President of the Jamestown settlement. The settlers believed and trusted him because he had saved them. John Smith was a very smart man, and he wrote many accounts about the happenings in Jamestown. He also published an article about his voyage of 1614. His longest and best-known work was entitled The General History of Virginia (Gwinn). Without these accounts, we would know very little about the colony in the New World. Not only was he a writer, but he could also draw. He drew many maps showing his expeditions and adventures. Many of these maps were used by other groups of settlers who came to the New World. John Smith was brave, strong, smart, and a good leader. His name is probably best remembered as the man who was to be beheaded by Indians, when the chief’s daughter rushed to his side and saved his life. Many historians doubt this incident and said that Smith was just bragging and was a teller of tales (McMichael). He had so many different adventures and he sometimes stretched the truth. Even if John Smith did exaggerate at times, he was still an interesting and important character in American History. Critique: I don’t remember learning too much on John Smith, though of course I learned about him. My reaction to his work is questioning; I’ve heard how he was this brave and courageous hero, yet in the book it asserts that he was â€Å"a vain braggart† and â€Å"a teller of tall tales†. He didn’t mention the whole Pocahontas thing, which is the first that pops in my mind when I think about Smith. However, I think I admire him more than Columbus because he seemed to be more peaceful and open-minded when it came to the Indians. It claims in the American Literature book that he â€Å"traded for food with the Indians, learned their customs and language†.

Does the Art of Science Vitiate the Science of Art? Essay

INTRODUCTION   Why there would be ripples in the modern art world, if a 17th century artist is found to have used an instrument to perfect his art? It all started when David Hockney, a British artist, started his research on artists, mainly of the Renaissance Period, when observed some ‘suspicious details’ in the works of Johannes Vermeer (1632-1675), an artist of Holland, who, like many of his contemporaries had failed to make his rank in his time and thus struggled all along, before getting recognized and appreciated posthumously. The fact that he could master only 30 paintings indicates about the roadblocks he had before him.   However, he has been ‘rediscovered’ presently and his works are now lauded for its wonderful details, which are found to be one up in his time, mainly for their precision. The Situation It was that precision, which caught the fancy of David the researcher. Stunned by the perfect perspectives and light distortions in Vermeer’s paintings. David delved deep into matter and came out with a conclusion that Vermeer might have used a refracting device, such as a ‘Camera Obscura’, to achieve that incredible degree of precision in the details in his paintings. Camera Obscura It is one of the early optical instruments, presumed to have been invented in the late Renaissance period, around the time Galileo, the inventor of Telescope. However, Hockney`s new evidence seems to suggest that the usage of magnifying tools like Camera Obscura were there well before that. That’s a good finding. The Art of Science Camera Obscura is a light-tight box with a small whole on one side, through which an image of an outside object can be projected onto a wall or piece of paper. The resulting image will be projected upside down. This is due to the fact that the reflected rays of light, which enter the box, do not spread out but traverse and reorganize, before reappearing as an upside down reflection. The size of the pinhole determines the sharpness of the reflected image, as well as the degree of diffraction and the level of light sensitivity. The narrower the passage of light, the lesser sensitive is the image. Moreover, narrow holes result in sharper projections and a better image resolution – since the resulting circle of confusion, the distortion of bright areas caused by the shape of the pinhole, will be smaller. This situation also calls to define the resultant diffraction from a particularly small pinhole, which causes a rather unfocused projection of the image. This phenomenon can be explained by the wave theory of light, which states that light behaves like a wave. Diffraction, in this case, refers to the dispersion of waves (light) when passing through the pinhole, which produces a hologram effect. The smaller and closer to the lights’ wavelength the hole is, larger the proportion is in the diffraction pattern, compared to a larger opening. To further increase the brightness and focus of the image, artists started to use a lens instead of the pinhole. It is really heartening to imagine that some of the artists of the Renaissance Period experimented on such nuances of diffraction towards gaining unbelievably realistic, almost photographic paintings. Vermeer’s Endeavor Situations indeed indicate that Vermeer might have used a Camera Obscura to enhance his paintings. Firstly, Vermeer didn’t seem to have used any sort of sketches or preparatory drawings while on his way towards producing paintings with incredibly realistic details and perspective in them. That couldn’t have happened if such works were done manually. His work, â€Å"Soldier and Laughing Girl†, where an amazingly detailed map can be seen hanging on the wall in the background, consolidates this assumption – even after zooming, the map seems to be an exact replication of a map at the time. How could he achieve such precision at one go, if he didn’t use any instrument? Another indication is the presence of bright, round reflections on reflective surfaces. Almost all the reflections in Vermeer’s paintings have an unusually circular shape. We now believe that these round reflections are circles of confusion, which are caused by the imperfection of the lens through which the image is reflected or can occur when the lens is not focused. Such unusually round reflections are distortions of bright areas caused by the shape of the pinhole of the Camera Obscura. One of the most famous examples of such a circle of confusion is the reflection in the girl’s earring in Vermeer`s masterpiece â€Å"The girl with the pearl earring.† Thirdly most of his paintings seem to take place in the same room. A reason for this could have been the size and weight of the apparatus. It might have been too laborious and time consuming to move the optic device in those days. Furthermore, in his painting â€Å"The Music Lesson†, there is a mirror on top of the piano, which reflects the leg of an object, which could have been a Camera Obscura. Science of Art Even though the indications point towards Vermeer’s using of optical instruments, that should be seen as a bold, and nonetheless creative endeavor, which aligns with the intellectual movements of that period – considering the treatise and texts about optics circulated then – only substantiates Vermeer’s contemporary approach towards his work, when people of 17th century had been exploring the possibilities of mirrors and lenses – it was then, even with low quality lenses and bad resolution, Vermeer and his colleagues would have been able to create incredibly detailed pictures. Lastly, the use of such instrument at that time could not have lessened the value of the art. It is assumed, that the painters using a Camera Obscura, merely used the projection of the image as a foundation, a sketch, on which they would paint. Since the projection of the image would be like a movie in color and every movement of the object would distort the artist drawing, only certain features of the object could be taken down on paper, leaving the rest to be done by the artist him/herself. CONCLUSION Artists of 17th century could not be totally dependent on Camera Obscura – they had to add in their own imagination, creativity and hard, manual labor. Attaining precision was just a part of their whole aim, and the attempt to achieve that by using an instrument cannot be hyped as something demeaning in the approach of the artists who did that. It is clear that those artists simply used Camera Obscura to increase precision or shorten the sketching time. There is nothing more in this useless debate, as the choice and combination of colors, the brush strokes, the shading, the technique and much more that take to make a great image, were done all by the artists themselves. To quote Hockney – â€Å"The lens can’t draw a line, only the hand can do that†, would be enough to block this controversy for once and all. Therefore this has nothing to do with any useless debate on the ethical violation of the creative processes involved in painting. It could have been so, if Vermeer did his works with blood, or stole or plagiarize someone else’s idea.

Commentary on a Newspaper Article by Russel Brand

The English society today is affected by big social differences, which results in a very sharp and clearly defined divided class society, where social mobility is not very easy ore even almost not existing. The lower range haven’t got a place to fit in, and many youngsters from these social lower classes, young people with no education, young people with bad family backgrounds, often feel out of the community, they are not getting any recognition and the politicians have ignored them and the fact of it way too long! In an article published on The Guardian’s website in august 2011, the author Russell Brand pin down some of these conflicts and problems. The author is more explicitly commenting on the riots that happened last year in England. The article’s receiver could be intellectual people, people who have an interest in politics and in society, certainly the working-class, also students as elders, the article is mainly directed to leftist, as the guardian is a traditional left- winged newspaper and the paper stand in opposition to the ruling government. Inasmuch the article is a website article, the audience properly is a bit broader than its ordinary audience is, also assuming readers from the right- wing would have an interest in reading the article, they may even get into a debate on the internet side, fighting and arguing for their point of view. The article very much invites the readers to an open debate. In this next part, I am going to comment and analyze Russel Brand’s commentary, and I am going to comment on his writing style and his attitude to the subject. The article written by Brand’s, is as I have mentioned, a comment on the Riots of 2011 that took place last year in England. Brand points out that the riots says more about the society’s condition than any other thing and that the government should do something about the problem, instead of calling the actions egoistic material gains. He does not think that these young people are mindless as everybody, inclusive the politicians, are calling them. Brand considers the problem much deeper and declares that the government is marginalizing the young people, and says that we ought to ask why the government sweeps the problem away under the carpet. He declares that these young people don’t have a suitable community because the politicians haven’t been given them one and he claims the problem is a consequence of the conservative politics which the government has been carried out the last decades: â€Å"These young people have no sense of community because they haven't been given one. They have no stake in society because Cameron's mentor Margaret Thatcher told us there's no such thing. † All of these very strong points and opinions are of cause wrapped up in a very well written commentary. Brand starts the whole article telling his reader why he should not comment on this case at all, and by doing this, he has pre-empted and prevented that this kind of criticism would come his way. His reasons why he shouldn’t write about the topic in the first place, are very paradoxical which makes it very comically, and at the same time it gives him some kind of credibility cause the reader feels comfortable when a writer dares to look critical at them self and especially when they are also, like Brand, knows how to express a good portion of self-irony . Brand’s writing style is very fluent, he distinctly uses humor as a very well working poetic- device, such as sarcasm and irony. It makes the text much lighter and much more consumable, even though the topic is a tough one. He has a special talent of setting up scenes in his reader’s mind, which also makes the text very alive. The text’s composition has kind of the same setup as a standup comedy show, and Brand sets up several scenarios and merges them well together, connecting the dots all the way through the article with just the right flow. He tells about some personal happenings, which he makes a point with, again with a good portion of self-irony, for example, when he tells his audience about his own rebellion time, and then connects it to today’s youngsters and compares the two episodes to make his point. He uses a great deal of sarcasm, an example for his sarcasm is, the part he writes about, that some may say the real victim is the conservative politician, that had to shorten her holidays and then came out saying the behavior were â€Å"unjustifiable† and â€Å"unacceptable: his comment to this is : Wow! Thanks guys! What a wonderful use of the planet's fast-depleting oxygen resources. Now that's been dealt with can we move on to more taxing matters such as whether or not Jack The Ripper was a ladies' man? † He also uses some metaphors, such as the reality show Big Brother. The Big Brother episode described in the article is a criticism of the TV station because they censured an unfavorable episode, the purpose by using the episode is to set up a mirror reflecting the riots. Brand is actually implying that the government aka Big Brother, does not have the nerves to face reality, which must make the reality show a fake, aka the government is a fake they won’t face reality. Brand claims they are ignoring society’s real big problems by sweeping them under a carpet – that is why Big Brother isn’t watching you – as the title of the article claims. This way of using a known episode as a metaphor, is very effect full, and many people can relate to it and have a opinion and attitude about it. In the last part of the comment, Brand changes from using â€Å"I† to using â€Å"we†. From now on, the article directly speaks to the reader. Brand claims he does not know anything about politics and tells why he clearly can’t have a solution or answer to this issue – again his rhetorical trick is a good portion of self-irony and he closes the paragraph by quoting Gandhi: â€Å"Be the change you want to see in the world. † For some readers this may seem too much, and for others it would be very powerful. I think the quote has a well-functioned purpose in the text – these accurate words shows the reader Brand’s solution to the main problem even though he claims he doesn’t know anything. From here on Brand gets more serious and more poetic in his language use, his syntax, and sentence structures. He clearly wants to make a statement by moving his reader. He is appealing with pathos, and emotional words and you can see he uses a very well-known rhetorical technique, called an Anaphora often used in speeches, which is a repetition of a word or a phrase. â€Å"We must include them, where they feel represented, we must represent them and where they feel love and compassion for their communities then we, the members of that community, must find love and compassion for them† It often gives a very good outcome to repeat word ore sentences, because it supplies the text a consonants, and the reader is seduced by this way of using the language – and I must say, Brand uses the technique so its outcome gets very effective. The last passage sums the whole commenting on the subject up, into some few poetic phrases. Brand clearly comes out with his point of view and attitude – he want his reader not to close their eyes for what is happening – he requests them not to sweep away these problems even if they are not out in the open. I must say Brand is a very talented writer with brilliant skills that touches a broad audience. Besides an observable writing talent, his writing contains a strength approaching a serious problem using humor. Brand’s word combinations makes his text easy to read and he has an adventurous natural flow, which makes it very exciting. However, most important in this commentary, is the attitude to the problem. Brand’s article contains a strong cultural and social criticism and he expresses his wish for individuals to face the injustice unequal society. He encourages his reader to not only leaving it all up by voting on the right party, and not only by leaving it all up to our politicians – who apparently aren’t doing anything about these problems – he encourage his reader to sweep away the carpet and face the problem right out there in the blue by giving the young people what they really need!! Very well said Mr. Russell Brand – I couldn’t agree more!

The Thin Red Line is a film about World War two on an island called Guadalcanal Essays

The Thin Red Line is a film about World War two on an island called Guadalcanal Essays The Thin Red Line is a film about World War two on an island called Guadalcanal Essay The Thin Red Line is a film about World War two on an island called Guadalcanal Essay Essay Topic: Call of the Wild The Thin Red Line is a film about World War two on an island called Guadalcanal. The American troops have discovered a Japanese air base and have come to the island for war. The movie starts with Jim Caviezel, staring as Private Witt, and a nameless soldier co-operating with the islanders. From there they are found by the American soldiers whilst being on AWOL. They are then re-recruited and sent to war. I believe that the plot is well put together, fast-paced and has many different representations, which makes the movie brilliant. The first ten minutes of the film include many links from image sound and theme. Malick uses these ten minutes to give a visual representation of the calm and tranquil nature of the island before war attempting to make you feel like you are there. He does this with the links of image, sound and theme as it really brings the film to life. After the first ten minutes he brings war to the film. This contradicts the former peaceful mood and now turns the oasis of gentle surrounding to a more exciting and careful feeling. This is because of the situations where care is needed in the film for example where the Americans need to creep up the hillside, making sure that they are not seen. In the first ten minutes of the film, there are three critical scenes I have chosen, as they all show great links between image, sound and theme. The first scene shows Private Witts nameless companion in a medium close up camera shot whilst handling a wild, tropical bird. There is a strong image and theme link here with the man and bird representing a strong relationship between mankind and nature and an even deeper link into equality as the wild bird is interacting with an American soldier, not just the native islanders. Showing us that Terence Malick is trying to get the message across that anyone can have a relationship; there is potential, people just need to make the effort. The film shows that freedom is possible and that is what they are fighting for. The sounds in this scene, so far, are diagetic. Malick does this so that we hear the same sounds as the soldiers, from there we empathise with the soldiers and there is a close relationship between us which allows us to see that all of the soldiers are individuals and have their own opinions on the war at hand and the sounds and environment around them. The peace and beautiful nature around the soldiers gets destroyed by the war and the peaceful nature of the natives is also destroyed by the guns. This shows Malicks views on war as a force that destroys equality between mankind and nature and destroys peace on earth. Another scene is where Private Witt is talking to a native islander about her baby. The conversation starts with less trust, the baby is afraid of the unknown an there is no background music. The long camera shot shows that the conversation is unfamiliar for both cultures. The native then begins to laugh as she becomes familiar to Witt, the calm music returns as the familiar, joyful relationships return. The camera shot turns to an over-the-shoulder shot representing the, now, intimate relationship between the native and Private Witt, formerly the camera was a long-range, two-person shot giving a sense of seclusion as if we are not in the conversation. The growing relationship between the native and Private Witt shows a contrast between black and white cultures, how opposites can work together for happiness and how different races have a lot in common. In contrast to the relationship between cultures, the soldiers are white skinned but have a black nature; they have a dark and evil reason for being where they are. The native has black skin but has a white nature as she is clean living, there are no problems. This could represent Malicks thoughts on war as well, with him believing that war has a dark and evil nature. I think that he has used an excellent situation and has an excellent perspective on war. An important moment in those first ten minutes is when the native boy is holding shellfish in the safety of the palms of his hands. Malick wants us to concentrate on the shellfish in the hands; he does this by using and over the shoulder shot and Hans Zimmer excludes all music. I think he uses the over-the-shoulder shot so that by not seeing the boys expressions we can only look at the image on screen and see the shellfish in the boys hands. The shellfish in the boys hands represents that the shellfish are safe, which is a link of image and theme to the safety on the island. It is also another image that shows the harmonic relationship between mankind and nature. There is freedom in the safety of the shellfish and freedom is what is being fought for, also it, again, links to larger points like how the beautiful nature gets destroyed and the peace shown will get destroyed by guns later on in the film. Another link between image, sound and theme is that the islanders hold peaceful, quiet shellfish safe in their hands whilst the soldiers hold loud, destructive guns and they are constantly in danger. Here Malick is representing his views on war by showing how war means the participants are constantly in danger and may also bring destruction. As a conclusion I believe that Terence Malick starts the film with the opening sequence on the island to show us his views on war and how it is a destructive force with a dark nature, its participants are constantly in danger and it brings horror to mankind; destroying equality and peace.

John Tylers Presidency and the Tyler Precedent

John Tylers Presidency and the Tyler Precedent John Tyler, the first vice president to finish the term of a president who had died in office, established a pattern in 1841 that would be followed for more than a century. The Constitution was not entirely clear about what would happen if a president died. And when William Henry Harrison died in the White House on April 4, 1841, some in the government believed his vice president would only become an acting president whose decisions would need the approval of Harrisons cabinet. Fast Facts: Tyler Precedent Named for John Tyler, the first vice president to become president upon the death of a president.Tyler was told by members of William Henrys Harrison that he was essentially only an acting president.Cabinet members insisted any decisions made by Tyler had to meet with their approval.Tyler stuck to his position, and the precedent he set remained in forced until the Constitution was amended in 1967. As funeral preparations began for President Harrison, the federal government was thrown into a crisis. On one side, members of Harrisons cabinet, who had no great trust in Tyler, did not want to see him exercise the full powers of the presidency. John Tyler, who possessed a fiery temper, forcefully disagreed. His stubborn assertion that he had rightfully inherited the full powers of the office became known as the Tyler Precedent. Not only did Tyler become the president, exercising all the powers of the office, but the precedent he set remained the blueprint for presidential succession until the Constitution was amended in 1967. Vice Presidency Considered Unimportant For the first five decades of the United States, the vice presidency was not considered a vitally important office. While the first two vice presidents, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, were later elected president, they both found the vice presidency to be a frustrating position. In the controversial election of 1800, when Jefferson became president, Aaron Burr became vice president. Burr is the best-known vice president of the early 1800s, though he is mainly remembered for killing Alexander Hamilton in a duel while vice president. Some vice presidents took the jobs one defined duty, presiding over the Senate, quite seriously. Others were said to hardly care about it. Martin Van Buren’s vice president, Richard Mentor Johnson, had a very relaxed view of the job. He owned a tavern in his home state of Kentucky, and while vice president he took a lengthy leave of absence from Washington to go home and run his tavern. The man who followed Johnson in the office, John Tyler, became the first vice president to show how important the person in the job could become. Death of a President John Tyler had started his political career as a Jeffersonian Republican, serving in the Virginia legislature and as the state’s governor. He eventually was elected to the US Senate, and when he became an opponent of Andrew Jackson’s policies he resigned his Senate seat in 1836 and switched parties, becoming a Whig. Tyler was tapped as the running mate of Whig candidate William Henry Harrison in 1840. The legendary â€Å"Log Cabin and Hard Cider† campaign was fairly free of issues, and Tyler’s name was featured in the legendary campaign slogan, â€Å"Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!† Harrison was elected, and caught a cold at his inauguration while delivering a lengthy inaugural address in very bad weather. His illness developed into pneumonia, and died on April 4, 1841, a month after taking office. Vice president John Tyler, at home in Virginia and unaware of the seriousness of the presidents illness, was informed that the president had died. The Constitution Was Unclear Tyler returned to Washington, believing he was the president of the United States. But he was informed that the Constitution wasnt precisely clear about that. The relevant wording in the Constitution, in Article II, section 1, said: â€Å"In case of removal of the President from office, or of his death, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The question arose: what did the framers mean by the word â€Å"same†? Did it mean the presidency itself, or merely duties of the office? In other words, in the event of a president’s death, would the vice president become an acting president, and not actually the president? Back in Washington, Tyler found himself being referred to as â€Å"the vice president, acting as president.† Critics referred to him as â€Å"His Accidency.† Tyler, who was staying at a Washington hotel (there was no vice presidential residence until modern times), summoned Harrison’s cabinet. The cabinet informed Tyler that he was not actually the president, and any decisions he would make in office would have to be approved by them. John Tyler Held His Ground â€Å"I beg your pardon, gentlemen,† Tyler said. â€Å"I am sure I am very glad to have in my cabinet such able statesmen as you have proved yourselves to be, and I shall be pleased to avail myself of your counsel and advice, but I can never consent to being dictated to as to what I shall or shall not do. I, as president, will be responsible for my administration. I hope to have your cooperation in carrying out its measures. So long as you see fit to do this I shall be glad to have you with me. When you think otherwise, your resignations will be accepted.† Tyler thus claimed the full powers of the presidency. And the members of his cabinet backed down from their threat. A compromise suggested by Daniel Webster, the secretary of state, was that Tyler would take the oath of office, and would then be the president. After the oath was administered, on April 6, 1841, all the officers of the government accepted that Tyler was the president and possessed the full powers of the office. The taking of the oath thus came to be seen as the moment when a vice president becomes president. Tylers Rough Term In Office A headstrong individual, Tyler clashed mightily with the Congress and with his own cabinet, and his single term in office was very rocky. Tyler’s cabinet changed several times. And he became estranged from the Whigs and was essentially a president without a party. His one noteworthy achievement as president would have been the annexation of Texas, but the Senate, out of spite, delayed that until the next president, James K. Polk, could take credit for it. The Tyler Precedent Was Established The presidency of John Tyler was most significant for the way it began. By establishing the â€Å"Tyler Precedent,† he ensured that future vice presidents would not become acting presidents with restricted authority. It was under the Tyler Precedent that the following vice presidents became president: Millard Fillmore, following the death of Zachary Taylor in 1850Andrew Johnson, following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln in 1865Chester Alan Arthur, following the assassination of James Garfield in 1881Theodore Roosevelt, following the assassination of William McKinley in 1901Calvin Coolidge, following the death of Warren G. Harding in 1923Harry Truman, following the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1945Lyndon B. Johnson, following the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963 Tyler’s action was essentially affirmed, 126 years later, by the 25th Amendment, which was ratified in 1967. After serving his term in office, Tyler returned to Virginia. He remained politically active, and sought to forestall the Civil War by convening a controversial peace conference. When efforts to avoid war failed, he was elected to the Confederate congress, but died in January 1862, before he could take his seat.

Extended propsal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Extended propsal - Essay Example During the summit, the importance of access to credit by low income classes, women, and other vulnerable groups, was emphasized. In 1997, the movement gained another boost with the holding of the World Micro-Credit Summit in February 1997 in Washington, DC. During the summit, a countdown was announced, to the year 2005, for the eradication of poverty among 100 million of the world’s poorest families, targeting women in particular with micro-credit aimed at self improvement (Dhar, 2005). In the last 20 years, microfinance has proven to be a vital development tool capable of addressing the needs of vast number of poor people, in particular poor women, with a means of sustainable financial support for their livelihoods. In the 2005 State of the Microcredit Summit Campaign, microfinancial institutions were reported to have reached more than 92 million clients, in the process benefiting as many as 333 million family members. Poor people are no longer seen as charity recipients but customers to be attended to and served; of these, women comprise 83% - roughly 66 million – of reported microfinance clients. And not only are they better clients than men, being better repayers, but they also act as key drivers of development, channelling their extra income directly to the benefit of the family (McCarter, 2006). Even prior to its being called â€Å"micro-finance†, forms of small-scale financing have already been afforded to very poor families in developing countries such as India. However, with the advent of the term â€Å"micro-finance†, there appears to be a paradigm shift in the perception of people to the new facility. The old concept encompassed providing credit, at subsidized rates of credit, to poor families residing in rural and semi-urban areas, through public and government financial institutions (Dhar, 2005). Under the new concept, the target is rural and urban poor